Herbal extracts are one of the herbal preparations obtained by the extraction method. There has been an increasing trend of application of herbal extracts to replace traditional medicinal herbs in using and manufacturing of drug dosage forms. The quality characteristics of herbal extracts roots from their multi-components nature, leading to multiple targets and mechanisms of action. Thus hindering the development of quality assessment systems and also the application of pharmaceutical technologies in the development of modern dosage forms, leading to a decrease in therapeutic efficacy in clinical practice. This review systematizes some information related to herbal extracts: the position and importance of herbal extracts in drug research and development, classification, characteristics, and quality control strategies. The purpose of this review is to consolidate and expand the general understanding of the “pharmaceutical nature” of herbal extracts and to provide some quality control strategies using markers and reference materials Keywords Herbal extracts, quality characteristics, classification, quality control, pharmaceutical nature.
Tanshinones are an important lipophilic, bioactive diterpenoid group of danshen roots with many pharmacological activities. In this study, tanshinones rich extract of danshen roots, a typically valuable product of danshen, was prepared through a two-step process of extraction and purification. In which, adsorptive (non-ionic) macroporous resins were exploited in the purification step to remove impurities and enrich tanshinones. The obtained refined extract was red brownish dry powder with the following characteristics: loss on drying of 4.04 ± 0.18%, tanshinone IIA and cryptotanshinone content of 10.55 ± 0.21% and 5.78 ± 0.64%, respectively (the results met the requirements of the Tanshinones monograph in The Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2015). The overall yield of the established extraction process was 2.21 ± 0.12%, calculated by the weight of dry extract. Keywords: Tanshinones, danshen, macroporous resins, tanshinone IIA, cryptotanshinone. References [1] X. Yan, Overview of Modern Research on Danshen, G. Du, J. Zhang, Danshen (Salvia Miltiorrhiza) in Medicine, Springer, Germany, Vol. 2, 2014, pp. 3-17.[2] C. Y. Su, Q. L. Ming, K. Rahman, H. Ting, L. P. Qin, Salvia miltiorrhiza: Traditional Medicinal Uses, Chemistry, and Pharmacology, Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines, Vol. 13, No. 3, 2015, pp. 163-182, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1875-5364(15)30002-9.[3] Y. Cui, B. Bhandary, A. Marahatta, G. H. Lee, B. Li, D. S. Kim, S. W. Chae, H. R. Kim, H. J. Chae, Characterization of Salvia Miltiorrhiza Ethanol Extract as An Anti-osteoporotic Agent, BMC complementary and alternative medicine, Vol. 11, No. 1, 2011, pp. 120-131, https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-11-120.[4] J. Li, H. A. Chase, Development of Adsorptive (Non-ionic) Macroporous Resins and Their Uses in The Purification of Pharmacologically-Active Natural Products From Plant Sources, Natural product reports, Vol. 27, No. 10, 2010, pp. 1493-1510, https://doi.org/10.1039/c0np00015a.[5] Tanshinones, The Chinese Pharmacopoeia, China, 2015, pp. 398-399.[6] G. Tian, T. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Ito, Separation of Tanshinones From Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge by Multidimensional Counter-Current Chromatography, Journal of Chromatography A, Vol. 945, No. 1-2, 2002, pp. 281-285, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)01495-9.[7] D. Wu, X. Jiang, S. Wu, Direct Purification of Tanshinones From Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge by High‐speed Counter‐current Chromatography Without Presaturation of The Two‐phase Solvent Mixture, Journal of Separation Science, Vol. 33, No. 1, 2010, pp. 67-73, https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200900491.[8] M. Liu, X. H. Xia, Study on The Chemical Stability of Tanshinone IIA, Zhong Yao Cai, Vol. 33, No. 4, 2010, pp. 606-609, PMID: 20845791 (In Chinese).[9] X. Bi, X. Liu, L. Di, Q. Zu, Improved Oral Bioavailability Using a Solid Self-Microemulsifying Drug Delivery System Containing a Multicomponent Mixture Extracted from Salvia miltiorrhiza, Molecules, Vol. 21, No. 456, 2016, pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21040456.
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