Certain cultural syndromes seem to increase the risk of panic attacks by generating catastrophic cognitions about symptoms of autonomic arousal. These schemas create a constant anxious scanning of the body, hence facilitating, maintaining, and producing panic. As a case in point, a Khmer fainting syndrome,'wind overload' (kyol goeu), results in dire expectations concerning the autonomic symptoms experienced upon standing, thus contributing to the high rate of orthostatically induced panic observed in this population.
This study surveys Khmer refugees attending two psychiatric clinics to determine both the prevalence of panic disorder as well as panic attack subtypes in those suffering panic disorder. A culturally valid adaptation of the SCID-panic module, the Cambodian Panic Disorder Survey (CPDS), was administered to 89 consecutive Cambodian refugees attending these psychiatric clinics. Utilizing culturally sensitive panic probes, the CPDS provides information regarding both the presence of panic disorder and panic-attack subtypes during the month prior to interview. Of 89 patients surveyed at two psychiatric clinics, 53 (60%) currently suffered panic disorder. Among the 53 patients suffering panic disorder, the most common panic attack subtypes during the previous month were the following: "sore neck" [51% of the 53 panic disorder patients (PDPs)], orthostatic dizziness (49% of PDPs), gastrointestinal distress (26% of PDPs), effort induced (21% of PDPs), olfactory induced (21% of PDPs), and "while-sitting dizziness" (16% of PDPs).
Kyol goeu (literally, 'wind overload') is an orthostatically triggered syncopal syndrome often found among Khmer refugees in the US. In the present study, 36 of 100 (36%) Khmer patients attending a psychiatric clinic were found to have suffered a kyol goeu episode in the past, whereas 60 of 100 (60%) patients had experienced a near-kyol goeu event in the last six months. Following a surveybased characterization of kyol goeu, as well as the presentation of case vignettes, the article discusses six mechanisms resulting in the high prevalence of the syndrome. The article concludes by comparing kyol goeu and ataque de nervios.
This article describes a previously unreported cultural syndrome among Khmer refugees. This common presentation of distress centers on the complaint of a sore neck, the sufferer fearing that wind-and-blood pressure may burst the vessels in this area. During an acute episode, a Khmer endures many--if not all--of the following neck-and-head complaints: headache, blurry vision, a buzzing in the ear, and dizziness. While in the throes of the sore-neck attack, the patient frequently experiences palpitations as well as other symptoms of autonomic arousal, such as diaphoresis, shortness of breath, and trembling. A sufferer of sore-neck episodes often meets panic disorder criteria. In a clinic survey, thirty-five out of eighty-five patients (41%) were found to currently suffer the "sore-neck syndrome" (i.e., to have endured at least one episode in the last month), with almost all of these thirty-five patients (80%) fearing death during the acute event. The sore-neck syndrome represents a common and important way in which distress becomes embodied. The clinician must learn this body language; otherwise, the patient's communication of psychic, interpersonal, and physical pain goes unheard--and grave somatic suffering and disability unattended to--discounted as puzzling somatic complaints and unreasonable obsessionalism about blood pressure.
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