Using dissection and plastic injection followed by corrosion as study methods, we describe 16 cases of gonadal arteries originating from the renal artery. Among them, in 12 cases (75%), we assessed this variation on a single gonadal artery while two gonadal arteries appeared in four cases (25%). In 13 cases (81.25%) the gonadal arteries were located on the left side and in only three cases (18.75%) they were on the right. In seven cases (43.75%), a unique gonadal artery that originated from a single renal artery, in three cases (18.75%) the gonadal artery started from the artery of the inferior segment that started from the anterior branch of the renal artery, in other three cases (18.75%), from the trunk of the renal artery, prior to its terminal ramification and in one case (6.25%), from the artery of the superior segment that started from the anterior branch of the renal artery. In five cases (31.25%), a single gonadal artery started from a supplementary renal artery, in four cases (25%), from double renal arteries (three from the inferior and one from the superior one) and in a single case, from triple renal arteries (from the inferior one). All the four cases (25%) of double gonadal arteries were located on the left. Within them, in two cases, the two gonadal arteries started from the renal artery (unique or supplementary) and in the other two cases, the lateral gonadal artery originated from the renal artery (unique or supplementary) and the medial one from the aorta. This vascular variation shows a significant importance for renal surgery, in partial or total nephrectomy or in the renal transplant as long as it may lead to the compromise of the gonadal blood supply, mostly when the gonadal artery with renal origin is unique, without a second one with aortic or other arterial origin. A gonadal artery with origin from an inferior polar renal artery may be injured during the percutaneous treatment of the syndrome of pielo-ureteral junction, so it becomes a major contraindication. Also, this anatomical variation enhances the importance of the arteriography or Doppler ultrasound examination of the renal hylum. Sometimes, the gonadal artery may pass posterior to the proximal ureter that can be disturbed in traject, leading to hydronephrosis.

Background and Objectives: Knowledge of the internal carotid artery’s (ICA) morphometric features is influential in outlining surgical and minimally invasive procedures in the neurovascular field. Many studies have shown divisive numbers regarding the ICA’s caliber, with the measuring point of the artery sometimes differing. This study presents ICA dimensions based on computed tomography angiography in each of its seven segments as per Bouthillier’s classification, correlating vascular dimensions with anthropometric parameters. Materials and Methods: A thorough CT angiography analysis was performed on 70 patients with internal carotid vessels unaffected by atherosclerotic disease. The extracranial part of the ICA was measured in four locations—carotid bulb, post-bulbar dilation, at its cervical midpoint, and below its entrance into the carotid foramen. Single landmarks were used for measurements in the intracranial segments. ICA length was assessed in the neck region and also in the cranial cavity. Craniometric measurements were performed on sagittal and coronal CT reconstructions. Patient height was taken into consideration. Results: The largest ICA portion is near its origin in the carotid sinus area (7.59 ± 1.00 mm), with a steep decline in caliber following its extracranial course. Distal ICA presented values somewhat similar to its proximal intracranial segment diameters (4.67 ± 0.47 mm). Dimensions of the ICA in the intracranial segments start from a value of 4.53 ± 0.47 mm and decrease by approximately 40% when reaching the origin of the middle cerebral artery (2.71 ± 0.37 mm), showing a marked decrease in caliber after the emergence of the most critical collateral artery, the ophthalmic branch. The length of the ICA varies between genders, with the male ICA being about 10 mm longer in total length than female ICA; this difference is also correlated with patient height and skull dimensions. Conclusions: Both intra- and extracranial ICA have variable dimensions and length related to gender and anthropometric parameters, with no significant differences obtained concerning side or age.

The study was performed on 461 renal arteries in order to assess some morphological aspects regarding the arteries that supply the superior renal segment using as study methods: dissection, injection of contrast medium, injection of plastic followed by corrosion together with the examination of MRI and renal angiographies (simple and angio CT). The posterior arteries of the superior renal segment originate mostly from the posterior terminal branch of the renal artery as 1-3 arterial branches. In only 42 cases, we found posterior branches that do not participate in the supply of the superior renal pole. In 190 cases, the anterior arteries of the superior segment originated from the anterior division of the renal artery and in 73 cases directly from the trunk of the renal artery. 34 cases were assessed as a terminal division of the renal artery, while the origin from the posterior division of the renal artery was encountered in 18 cases. In 138 cases, the artery of the superior segment originated from a supplementary renal artery, double (118 cases) or triple (20 cases); in this situation, from the polar artery started the inferior suprarenal artery, except five cases where it originated from the aorta. Of the total of 461 samples, in 244 cases the renal approach was performed above the renal hilum, as proper superior polar arteries and in 217 cases the artery entered through the upper part of the hilum as an apical artery. The morphology of the arteries of the superior renal segment shows a significant degree of variability mostly in what concerns the anterior ones. Frequently we encountered a clear delimitation of the superior renal segment (in 61% of the cases), a situation that allows a relatively facile nephrectomy.

The Abdominal Aorta represents the terminal portion or the fourth portion of the artery, continuing the diaphragmatic portion, stretching from the aortic hiatus (at the level of the twelfth thoracic vertebra) up to the fourth lumbar vertebra, the level at which ends by bifurcation in the two common iliac artery, left and right.The survey was carried out on the computed tomography angiography's executed on a computer tomography GE LightSpeed 16 slice CT in Medimar Imagistic Clinic located in the County Clinical Emergency Hospital "Sf. Andrei" Constanta, on healthy subjects and on the basis of sex.The distance between the origins of the collateral branches of the aorta are highly variable, causing differences in relation to sex, generally being higher in male, exceptions being due to the fact that these distances are proportional with the morphological type of the individual in question. Frequently, the maximum and minimum values of the distances have not been encountered only in one event. Like other morfometric data,the distances between the collateral arteries of the abdominal aorta firstly depend on the number of cases which it has been worked, which explains the differences between authors who are working on the same grounds and at close intervals of time, but differs on the number of cases which are working.

We used formalinized heart dissection obtained from forensic laboratory in Constanta, analyzing the papillary muscles and their tendon chordae. We studied at the papillary muscles the number of forms that could be in single or multiple muscular bodies, encountering more than five body muscles in a papillary muscle group. We measured using caliper graduated in millimeters, the height of each papillary muscle body (from the base to its upper end) and its thickness at the base and at its upper extremity. Chordae tendon we examined in terms of their origin and number at the level of each papillary muscle, the dimensions (length and thickness), orientation and how they end at the atrioventricular valves. We noted the presence of „false”chordae tendineae, which were disposed between the papillary muscle and the ventricular wall. The results were compared with data in the literature that I had the opportunity to consult