Agriculture is anticipated to remain the economy's backbone for the foreseeable future, with agricultural operations employing a large majority of Uganda's work force 72%. The aim of this review was to assess the agriculture extension and advisory services; brief description of agriculture extension and advisory service system in Uganda focusing on typology providers, dominant models used and target groups; providing examples of agriculture extension and advisory services related to climate smart agriculture with specific adaptation and mitigation and identifying and discussing the innovative approach and methods being used by different service providers in climate smart related extension. Farmers' groups, government organizations, non-governmental organizations, commercial organizations, and universities are among the typologies employed in Uganda's agriculture extension service. The agriculture extension and advisory services related to climate smart agriculture were integrated soil fertility management, crop rotation, cover crops and green manure, rotational grazing, seasonally adapted planting time and agroforestry systems. The innovative approach and methods being used by different service providers in climate smart related extension included extension methods for transfer of climate knowledge, training and visit extension and unified extension approaches, climate awareness mass media campaigns, ICT supported farmers in adaptation and mitigation, farmer field school and climate-smart villages. It was concluded that climate-smart extension approaches need to be considered as part of a broader set of adaptation measures and policies for agricultural systems at a range of scales through ICT integration. The study recommended for a strategic plan for women engagement in agriculture extension services by the Ugandan government.

Climate variability and extremes are very a great deal affecting lives in Sub-Saharan Africa. Nevertheless, where people are poor and vulnerable like in this region, these factors can add greatly to the hardship of their lives. Over the years, climate versions and climate change are amongst the challenges the world face together with Sub-Sahara Africa nations. Climate-smart agriculture technologies provide efficient answers (i.e. increased productivity more advantageous family income, resilience and decreased greenhouse gasoline emissions). Smallholder farmers are the primary and secondary pillars of the agricultural sectors', especially in low-income countries. Therefore, their involvement in climate change mitigation and adaption moves is imperative. Climate-smart agriculture applied sciences are looking for a manageable and greater secure earnings sustainability. This study aims to provide an overview of how the land tenure system affects climate-smart agriculture technologies adoption in Sub-Sahara Africa countries. Based on findings from selected articles, socioeconomic factors (e.g. access to credit, poor extension services, and inputs) and institutional factors (e.g. land tenure system, land scarcity) are major challenges to climate-smart agriculture technologies adoption, the major message is site-specific due to heterogeneity of smallholder farmers. Furthermore, it is worth mentioning land-use security is a critical factor of climate-smart technologies adoption among smallholder farmers. Full-time farming is a commitment that positively beautifies the adoption of climate clever agriculture mainly if the land is tightly closed and some practices take greater than one year to comprehend advantages (i.e. to achieve economic and environmental benefits).

Climate variability and extremes are now a part of everyday life around the planet. Climate change has a significant impact on the poor and vulnerable in various parts of the world. Climate variability and change have exacerbated the miseries of the impoverished in various parts of the world, including the well-to-do. As a result, several stakeholders around the world have created and executed climate change adaptation and mitigation programs. These projects and/or programs seek to mitigate the effects of climate change on the environment, specifically on humans. Projects have mostly targeted the least developed countries (LDCs) and disadvantaged households who are affected by climate change variability (smallholder farmers). Farmers in smallholdings have been encouraged to implement these projects on their land. Furthermore, some governments have implemented policies aimed at accomplishing the aims of climate smart agriculture. There are synergies and trade-offs between these actions for accomplishing climate smart agriculture's goals (e.g. rotational grazing system for cattle, agroforestry adoption, integrated-cattle soybean production, and biotechnology promotion has showed higher food production and lower greenhouse gas emission). Lack of interest, inadequate policies, and a scarcity of land for rotation grazing, reduced productivity, and worse financial returns are only a few of the trade-offs of these interventions. As a result, via the development of appropriate strategies and regulations, climate smart agriculture aims to eliminate trade-offs and increase synergies. For higher production and guaranteed sustainability, these policies should attempt to promote synergies in crop production, animal production systems, forests, fisheries, and aquaculture. Climate-smart agriculture is not a brand-new farming method or collection of activities.