This paper deals with the study of scytonemin in cyanobacteria applying coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy. The chemically specific CARS response from particular chemical compounds in the algae cell is usually weak because of their low concentration and is often overwhelmed by optical emissions from other cellular constituents. This report demonstrates that for scytonemin localized in cyanobacteria Nostoc commune, the vibrational response is sufficient for its reliable identification. Scytonemin is known as a sunscreen sheath enclosing the cells of microalgae against ultraviolet radiation. The effectiveness of CARS microscopy as a mapping technique with the aim to visualize the scytonemin sheath in a live culture such as cyanobacteria N. commune has been revealed.
Little is known about the diversity and distribution of viruses infecting green sulfur bacteria (GSB) thriving in euxinic (sulfuric and anoxic) habitats, including gypsum karst lake ecosystems. In this study, we used targeted cell sorting combined with single-cell sequencing to gain insights into the gene content and genomic potential of viruses infecting sulfur-oxidizing bacteria Chlorobium clathratiforme, obtained from water samples collected during summer stratification in gypsum karst Lake Kirkilai (Lithuania). In total, 82 viral contigs were bioinformatically identified in 62 single amplified genomes (SAGs) of C. clathratiforme. The majority of viral gene and protein sequences showed little to no similarity with phage sequences in public databases, uncovering the vast diversity of previously undescribed GSB viruses. We observed a high level of lysogenization in the C. clathratiforme population, as 87% SAGs contained intact prophages. Among the thirty identified auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs), two, thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (TST) and thioredoxin-dependent phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate (PAPS) reductase (cysH), were found to be involved in the oxidation of inorganic sulfur compounds, suggesting that viruses can influence the metabolism and cycling of this essential element. Finally, the analysis of CRISPR spacers retrieved from the consensus C. clathratiforme genome imply persistent and active virus–host interactions for several putative phages prevalent among C. clathratiforme SAGs. Overall, this study provides a glimpse into the diversity of phages associated with naturally occurring and highly abundant sulfur-oxidizing bacteria.
This paper deals with the accumulation of lipids, carbohydrates and proteins in the biomass of the green algae Chlorella vulgaris that is cultivated in the municipal wastewater of Vilnius City. The growth rate of the culture on different chemical compositions of media was investigated. Dependence of lipid, carbohydrate and protein content on total phosphorus and nitrogen initial concentrations in wastewater and removal of nutrients was investigated. Data showed that the higher amount of total nitrogen is the main factor leading to a higher rate of biomass increase. The study showed that Chlorella vulgaris is capable of very efficient nutrient removal from wastewater (up to 86% of total nitrogen and 87% phosphorus was removed). Data showed that there is strong correlation between the initial concentration of nitrogen, and in some cases phosphorus, in the media and content of proteins and carbohydrates in the biomass. A higher amount of nitrogen in the starting media leads to a higher amount of proteins and a lower amount of carbohydrate in the biomass. There was no correlation found between the initial nitrogen or phosphorus concentration in the media and content of lipids in the biomass.
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