Summary This review examines workplace identity conflicts, offering three primary contributions. First, it reconciles hitherto fragmented perspectives on identity conflicts to offer an integrative and cross‐level perspective on identity conflicts at work. Second, it elucidates an important distinction between two types of identity conflicts, namely intra‐unit and inter‐unit conflicts, also outlining the different roots, moderators, and reconciliations of these conflict types. Third, it proposes an alternative perspective on identity conflicts as constructive forces for individual and organizational change, also stressing the importance of context and content in shaping identity conflict outcomes. Thus, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of identity conflicts in the workplace, clarifying the current state of the science and offering new directions for future research. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In this article, we are interested in the role digital memes in the form of pictures play in the framing of public discourses about police injustice and what it is that makes memes successful in this process. For this purpose, we narrate the story of one such meme: the ‘pepper-spray cop’. In our analysis, we link the creation and spread of the meme to the democratization of online activism and the subversive acts of hierarchical sousveillance. Based on our findings, we discuss features of the meme and the process linked to its initiation, rapid spread and disappearance as vital for the success of visual memes in the context of online protests.
Recent discussions of annotator agreement have mostly centered around its calculation and interpretation, and the correct choice of indices. While these discussions are important, they only consider the 'back-end' of the story, i. e., what to do once the data is collected. Just as important in our opinion is to know how agreement is reached in the first place and what factors influence coder agreement as part of the annotation process or setting, as this knowledge can provide concrete guidelines for the planning and setup of annotation projects. To investigate whether there are factors that consistently impact annotator agreement we conducted a meta-analytic investigation of annotation studies reporting agreement percentages. Our metaanalysis synthesized factors reported in 96 annotation studies from three domains (word-sense disambiguation, prosodic transcriptions, and phonetic transcriptions) and was based on a total of 346 agreement indices. Our analysis identified seven factors that influence reported agreement values: annotation domain, number of categories in a coding scheme, number of annotators in a project, whether annotators received training, the intensity of annotator training, the annotation purpose, and the method used for the calculation of percentage agreements. Based on our results we develop practical recommendations for the assessment, interpretation, calculation, and reporting of coder agreement. We also briefly discuss theoretical implications for the concept of annotation quality. Volume 00, Number 0 of data quality. This trend is indicated by a rising number of publications on methodological and statistical issues of how to measure and interpret inter-annotator agreement (Versley 2006) as well as a rising number of reports on annotation quality and schema validity (Calhoune et al. 2005; Gruenstein, Niekransz, and Purver 2005; Purver, Ehlers, and Niekrasz 2006; Teufel, Carletta, and Moens 1999).The main reason for the analysis of annotation quality is to obtain a measure of the "trustworthiness" of annotations (Artstein and Poesio 2008). Only if we can trust that annotations are provided in a consistent and reproducible manner, can we be sure that conclusions drawn from such data are likewise reliable and that the subsequent usage of annotations is not negatively influenced by inconsistencies and errors in the data.Inter-annotator (or inter-coder) agreement has become the quasi-standard procedure for testing the accuracy of manual annotations. This process is based on the assumption that if multiple coders agree in their coding decisions of the same material we can be certain that -at least for this set of data and this set of coders -annotations are free of unsystematic and distorting variations.
With this paper we take a first step to understand the appropriation of social media by the police. For this purpose we analyzed the Twitter communication by the London Metropolitan Police (MET) and the Greater Manchester Police (GMP) during the riots in August 2011. The systematic comparison of tweets demonstrates that the two forces developed very different practices for using Twitter. While MET followed an instrumental approach in their communication, in which the police aimed to remain in a controlled position and keep a distance to the general public, GMP developed an expressive approach, in which the police actively decreased the distance to the citizens. In workshops and interviews, we asked the police officers about their perspectives, which confirmed the identified practices. Our study discusses benefits and risks of the two approaches and the potential impact of social media on the evolution of the role of police in society.
Zur Bearbeitung komplexer Probleme und zur Entwicklung innovativer Produkte in Industrie und Forschung kommen zunehmend interdisziplinäre Projektteams zum Einsatz. Die zum Teil hoch heterogene Zusammensetzung solcher Teams stellt jedoch hohe Anforderungen an alle Beteiligten, die das Erreichen der Projektziele erschweren oder sogar infrage stellen können. Insbesondere die Integration separater Wissensbestände bereitet hier häufig Schwierigkeiten. In dieser Arbeit stellen wir die Entwicklung und Validierung einer Skala zur Erfassung von Problemen der Wissensintegration in der interdisziplinären Projektarbeit vor, mit dem Ziel, ein Instrument zur Diagnose von häufigen Barrieren in interdisziplinären Kooperationen bereitzustellen. Die Entwicklung erfolgte anhand qualitativer Interviews mit Mitgliedern interdisziplinärer Projektteams. Eine erste Validierung der neu entwickelten Skala erfolgte im Rahmen von fünf nachfolgenden Studien (N = 290) und bestätigte Reliabilität und Validität der Skala.
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