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His to ric ké ohléd nu tíZá jem o roli in sti tu cí v eko no mii má více jak sto le tou his to rii. V roce 1899 vy šla v USA kni ha Th. B. Veb le na The The o ry of the Le i su re Class: An Eco no mic Stu dy of the Evo lu ti on of In sti tu ti ons (èes ky 1999), kte rá z au to ra udì la la jed no ho ze za klada te lù no vé ho teo re tic ké ho smì ru v eko no mii -in sti tu ci o na lis mu. Tato teo rie vy chá -zí z pøe svìd èe ní, že "in sti tu ce hra jí zá sad ní roli pøi utvá øe ní eko no mic ké ho cho vá ní lidí i pøi do sa ho vá ní ur èi té eko no mic ké vý kon nos ti a že se in sti tu ce samy v èase mìní a mnoh dy rea gu jí na pù so be ní eko no mic kých èi ni te lù" (Soj ka, 2000, s. 248). Za dru hé ho, i když z hle di ska pøí stu pu od liš né ho spo lu zak la da te le, je považován J. R. Com mons (1924, 1934). Za tím co Veb le no vo po je tí je cha rak te ri zo vá no jako so ciál nì psy cho lo gic ké, Com mons je považován za za kla da te le práv ní ho smì ru. I pøes tyto roz díl né pøí stu py je možné na lézt nì kte ré spo leè né cha rak te ris ti ky in stitu ci o na lis mu, kte ré za hr nu jí i ce lou øadu k in sti tu ci o na lis mu se hlá sí cích au to rù. Jde o tyto cha rak te ris tic ké rysy (blíže viz Soj ka, 2000):-hlav ním pøed mì tem zkou má ní jsou in sti tu ce, kte ré jsou ši ro ce po jí má ny (za hr nu jí zej mé na spo le èen ské uspo øá dá ní, pra vid la, nor my cho vá ní, or ga ni za ce, práv ní nor my),-in sti tu ce se pro mì òu jí v èase v dù sled ku pøi ro ze né ho vý vo je v kom bi na ci s lid ský mi zku še nost mi v pro ce su do sa ho vá ní cílù -vzni ká tak pro ces evo lu ce insti tu cí, -eko no mic ké in sti tu ce a eko no mic ká èin nost ne mu sí mít stej né cíle, -zkou má ní in sti tu cí je za mì øe no na øe še ní prak tic kých prob lé mù. Do uèeb nic dì jin vý vo je eko no mic ké ho myš le ní se kro mì výše uve de ných dostal i smìr na zý va ný Nová in sti tu ci o nál ní eko no mie, 1) jehož vznik se da tu je do 60. let mi nu lé ho sto le tí a je spo jen opìt se dvì ma jmé ny, ne ná ho dou i dvì ma no si te li Nobe lo vy ceny za eko no mii, kte rý mi jsou R. H. Co a se a D. C. North.R. Co a se, kte rý je považován za ob je vi te le ka te go rie trans akè ních ná kla dù, zfor mu lo val svo ji teo rii již v le tech 1932 -1937 a své zá vì ry pub li ko val v èlán ku The Na tu re of the Firm (1937 IN STI TU CE A VÝ KON NOSTPetr VY MÌ TAL, Mi lan ŽÁK, Cen trum eko no mic kých stu dií Vy so ké ško ly eko nomie a ma na ge men tu, Pra ha Kon zul ta ce *) Sta• vznik la na zá kla dì gran tu GAÈR è. 402/05/2210 a je zkrá ce nou ver zí vý zkum né prá ce Cen tra eko no mic kých stu dií Vy so ké ško ly eko no mie a ma na ge men tu.
Lobbying is a legitimate way of interest representation in democracy. Although the number of countries introducing rules on lobbying activity is increasing, there are many doubts about the efficiency of measures introduced in terms of nontransparent lobbying activities and unfair forms of influence. The paper investigates the main approaches, elements and measures recommended and implemented by countries and international organizations in order to increase the transparency of lobbying practice in the decision-making process and proposes a basic set (catalogue) of key measures. It argues that a complex approach combining lobbying rules and many other supportive and linked measures is needed in order to extend transparent lobbying and decision-making. The article contributes to the discussion on the main theoretical issues and problems that arise in terms of transparent lobbying and proposes a catalogue of basic measures necessary to evaluate the transparency of lobbying in a broader and more detailed way in future research.
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