Aseptic loosening and osteolysis are considered the main long-term problems of hip arthroplasty. Pathogenesis of periprosthetic osteolysis is multifactorial, and both the biological and mechanical factors seem to play an important role. Bearing surfaces continuously generate excessive amounts of micron and submicron particles provoking an adverse inflammatory response of periprosthetic connective tissues. In general, a key role has been attributed to macrophages. Cytokines, growth factors, PGE2, and enzymes are secreted with activated periprosthetic cells resulting in formation of osteolytic granulomas. The final osteolytic step is taken predominantly by osteoclasts which are getting ready for action mainly by an osteoprotegerin ligand (RANKL) and TNFalpha. Rankl is expressed by activated macrophages, osteoblasts, and lymphocytes. In parallel, a repetitive hydraulic effect of the joint fluid is manifested on the susceptible bone.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDYKnee joint is the most common place where osteoarthritis may occur. A specific therapy is indicated to patients depending on the degree of disability and other signs. The available methods and their clinical value are regularly assessed in systematic reviews and meta-analysis of clinical studies. The evidence of working mechanism of the specific therapeutic intervention is another important part of evaluating its therapy effect. One of the possibilities of knee osteoarthritis conservative treatment is a functional prophylactic knee brace. This type of knee brace is designed to transfer the load away from the affected part of the knee joint in every step. The main goal of this study was to determine the effect of a prophylactic knee brace on dynamic parameters of the stance phase of gait in patients with knee osteoarthritis. MATERIAL AND METHODSThe research involved twelve subjects with predominantly unilateral medial knee osteoarthritis of grade 2 and 3. Six patients did not complete the study. Therefore, the data of six persons were processed (average age 68.3 ± 4.4 years, average weight 83 ± 15.9 kg, average height 170.5 ± 11.7 cm). There were two piezoelectric Kistler 9286AA force plates used to determine the reaction forces. In total, six attempts were evaluated -three attempts with the knee brace and three attempts without it. Each subject completed three measurements. The first one took place at the beginning of the research, the second one after three months of using the brace, and the last one took place three months after the brace removal. The data processing methods were accustomed. At the beginning and at the end of the study the patients completed the WOMAC questionnaire and determined the level of their pain on the visual analogue scale (VAS). RESULTSThe minimum value (p = 0.020) and the second maximum value (p = 0.035) of vertical reaction force significantly increased on the unaffected limb after a short-term application of a knee brace. There were significant increases found for walking without a brace in the maximum vertical force in the braking phase on the affected limb (p = 0.006) after three months of bracing, followed by similar results in the maximum vertical force in the braking (p = 0.001) as well as the propulsion (p = 0.035) phase on the unaffected side. Furthermore, we observed a significant extension in the overall duration of the stance phase of gait (p = 0.001) on the affected limb. According to the WOMAC and VAS results, three patients experienced subjective conditional improvement, two subjective deterioration and one participant remained unchanged. DISCUSSIONThe individualized solutions, i.e. their "adaptation" to a particular type of knee arthrosis in each patient, is the biggest problem in the treatment of knee arthrosis using a prophylactic brace. Our results confirm the usefulness of modern knee orthosis in terms of motion biomechanics. However, it still remains to be proved that it is possible to use the brace for a long time during the active time of th...

Penetrující poranění ruky cizím tělesem jsou v dětském věku méně častá. Pokud tělesa nejsou nalezena a vyjmuta bezprostředně po poranění, mohou vést ke zdlouhavému a komplikovanému léčení. Autoři prezentují případ penetrujícího poranění zápěstí dřevěnou třískou u šestiletého chlapce, které bylo při recidivě zánětu diagnostikováno a chirurgicky odstraněno až pět let po původním úrazu.Klíčová slova: dřevěné cizí těleso, penetrující poranění, dítě. Penetrating wrist injury with a wooden fragmentPenetrating injuries to the hand by a foreign body are less common in childhood. If bodies are not found and removed immediately after the injury, they can lead to lengthy and complicated treatment. The authors present a case of penetrating wrist injury with wood splinter in a six-year-old boy which was in recurrence of inflammation diagnosed and surgically removed after five years after the original accident.

Osteonekróza (ON) je významnou komplikací agresivní chemoterapie u dětí a dospívajících s akutní lymfoblastickou leukemií (ALL). Představujeme 13letého chlapce s ALL, u kterého došlo v průběhu udržovací léčby ke komplikaci ON obou tibií a talů. Podle kritérií protokolu AIEOP -BFM ALL 2009 mu byla diagnostikována vysoce riziková ALL. V průběhu udržovací léčby (59. týden) si začal stěžovat na bolest kolem obou kotníků. Vyšetření pomocí magnetické rezonance prokázala ON obou tibií a talů. Chůze bez zátěže po dobu jednoho roku vedla ke stabilizaci osteonekrotických ložisek. U pacienta jsme prokázali většinu nedávno identifikovaných rizikových faktorů pro ON, včetně vyšší kumulativní dávky glukokortikoidů (GC), věk nad 10 let, kombinovanou léčbu dexametazonem a PEG--L-asparaginázou a dlouhotrvající působení hyperlipidemie.Klíčová slova: multifokální osteonekróza, hlezenní kloub, akutní lymfoblastická leukemie, léčba podle vysokého rizika, hyperlipidemie, věk nad 10 let. Development of multifocal osteonecrosis of both ankles in a adolescent boy during the aggressive treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemiaOsteonecrosis (ON) is a significant complication of aggressive chemotherapy in children and adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). We present a 13-year-old-boy with ALL complicated during maintenance therapy by ON of bilateral tibiae and tali. He was dignosed as having high risk ALL according to the criteria of AIEOP-BFM ALL 2009 protocol. During maintenance treatment (week 59), he began complaining of pain around both ankles. Magnetic resonance imaging study demonstrated osteonecroses of bilateral tibiae and tali. Nonweight-bearing over 1 year led to stabilization of osteonecrotic lesions. He had most of the recently identified risk factors for ON, including higher cumulative dose of glucocorticosteroids (GC), age over 10 years, treatment with combination of dexamethasone and PEG-L-asparaginase and prolonged exposure to hyperlipidemia.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDYDevelopmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a serious anatomical abnormality. The aims of the study were to compare the current views on general screening for DDH and, in a group of patients diagnosed for DDH both clinically and ultrasonographically, to analyse the results of their treatment with Wagner stockings. MATERIAL AND METHODSIn the years 2000 to 2001, a total of 3,221 children were examined at birth clinically and by ultrasonography using Graf's method. DDH was diagnosed in 137, and Wagner stockings were used for treatment in 127 patients. This Wagner abduction device consists of linen stockings buttoned to a linen baby shirt. It is based on the Pavlik harness treatment of DDH, and enables us to start therapy at neonatal age. The group was followed up, with checkups including clinical examination and AP radiography to evaluate position of the femoral head in relation to avascular necrosis (AVN) by the Salter method. The data obtained was statistically analysed by the SPSS software, version 14 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA). RESULTSOut of the 127 children, 106 (95 girls and 11 boys) completed the treatment. In 87 (82 %) children with Wagner stockings only, the treatment took place for an average of 82 days (range, 28 to 167), with abduction therapy starting on average at 13 days (range, 1 to 76 days). In 19 (18 %) children it was necessary to continue abduction therapy and Wagner stockings were replaced by a Pavlik's harness. The total abduction treatment then lasted on average for 152 days (range, 81 to 289). After January 1, 2005, 75 children (follow-up rate, 70.7 %) were examined, 33 at regular checkups and the rest at invitation. The average follow-up was 5.9 (3.8-7.5) years. On two early radiograms with left-side findings, proximal femoral lesions met the Salter criteria of AVN diagnosis. The AVN rate was 2.6 % or 1.8 % when related to either the patients or the affected hips. At the latest follow-up even in these cases the radiographic findings were resolved. DISCUSSIONAt present there is no consensus concerning either screening of newborns for DDH or its early therapy. In the Czech Republic the general screening known as three-step examination of infant hips attained a legal frame by the Regulation issued by the Ministry of Health in 1977 and its amendment in 1996. In Austria the general clinical and ultrasonographic screening is regarded as the gold standard. On the other hand, some official bodies such as the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, American Academy of Pediatrics or Canadian Task Force do not recommend any general screening. The results of this retrospective study were compared with those of treatment with the Pavlik harness or Frejka pillow, which are both based on a passive mechanical mode of therapy. The comparison has shown that the treatment with Wagner stockings is highly effective and has a low AVN rate. CONCLUSIONThis retrospective study has shown that, in DDH, therapy with Wagner stockings is sufficient to provide for physiological development of the hip, whil...