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This review covers the outer core level photoionization of the free 3d metal atoms from Sc to Cu. The experimental 3p, 3s and 2p photoemission and photoabsorption spectra are discussed. A comparison emphasizes common features and distinct differences. The interpretation of the data based on ab initio calculations reveals the influence of multi-electron interactions in the 3d metal atoms. We focus on the fundamental effects and main interactions which govern the electronic structure of these open shell atoms.

Evidence for flux-lattice melting and a dimensional crossover in single-crystal Bi2.15sr1.85cacu2o8+Delta from muon spin rotation studies Lee, S.L.; Zimmermann, P.; Keller, H.; Warden, M.; Savic, I.M.; Schauwecker, R.; Cubitt, R.; Menovsky, A.A.; Tarnawski, Z.