The trifocal IOL improved near, intermediate, and distance vision in presbyopic patients. The use of 3 foci provided significant intermediate visual results without sacrificing near or distance vision.

BackgroundThe gold standard treatments in amblyopia are penalizing therapies, such as patching or blurring vision with atropine that are aimed at forcing the use of the amblyopic eye. However, in the last years, new therapies are being developed and validated, such as dichoptic visual training, aimed at stimulating the amblyopic eye and eliminating the interocular supression.PurposeTo evaluate the effect of dichoptic visual training using a virtual reality head mounted display in a sample of anisometropic amblyopic adults and to evaluate the potential usefulness of this option of treatment.MethodsA total of 17 subjects (10 men, 7 women) with a mean age of 31.2 years (range, 17–69 year) and anisometropic amblyopia were enrolled. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and stereoacuity (Stereo Randot graded circle test) changes were evaluated after 8 sessions (40 min per session) of dichoptic training with the computer game Diplopia Game (Vivid Vision) run in the Oculus Rift OC DK2 virtual reality head mounted display (Oculus VR).ResultsMean BCVA in amblyopic eye improved significantly from a logMAR value of 0.58 ± 0.35 before training to a post-training value of 0.43 ± 0.38 (p < 0.01). Forty-seven percent of the participants achieved BCVA of 20/40 or better after the training as compared to 30% before the training. Mean stereoacuity changed from a value of 263.3 ± 135.1 before dichoptic training to a value of 176.7 ± 152.4 s of arc after training (p < 0.01). A total of 8 patients (47.1%) before dichoptic treatment had unmeasurable stereoacuity while this only occurred in 2 patients (11.8%) after training.ConclusionsDichoptic training using a virtual reality head mounted display seems to be an effective option of treatment in adults with anisometropic amblyopia. Future clinical trials are needed to confirm this preliminary evidence.Trial registrationTrial ID: ISRCTN62086471. Date registered: 13/06/2017. Retrospectively registered

Bifocal and trifocal diffractive IOLs are able to provide an effective visual restoration which is maintained during a 12-month follow-up, with a clear benefit of the trifocal IOL for the intermediate vision.

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Background: The aim of our study was to assess the role of laser polarimetry and visual evoked potentials (VEP) as potential biomarkers of disease progression in multiple sclerosis (MS).Participants: A total of 41 patients with MS (82 eyes) and 22 age-related healthy volunteers (44 eyes) completed the study. MS patients were divided into two groups, one (ON) with a history of optic neuritis (17 patients, 34 eyes) and another group (NON) without it (24 patients, 48 eyes). The MS patients and controls underwent laser polarimetry (GDx) examination of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL). In the MS group, we also examined: Kurtzke “expanded disability status scale” (EDSS), the duration of the disorder, VEP – latency and amplitude, and conventional brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Our results were statistically analyzed using ANOVA, Mann–Whitney, and Spearman correlation analyses.Results: In the MS group, brain atrophy and new T2 brain lesions in MRI correlated with both VEP latencies and amplitudes. Separate comparisons revealed VEP latency testing to be less sensitive in ON than in NON-patients. In ON patients, VEP amplitudes correlated mildly with brain atrophy (r = −0.15) and strongly with brain new MRI lesions (r = −0.8). In NON-patients, highly significant correlation of new MRI brain lesions with VEP latencies (r = 0.63, r = 0.6) and amplitudes (r = −0.3, r = −4.2) was found. EDSS also correlated with brain atrophy in this group (r = 0.5). Our study did not find a correlation of GDx measures with MRI tests. The GDx method was not able to detect whole brain demyelinization and the degeneration process, but was only able to reveal the involvement of optic nerves in ON and NON-patients.Conclusion: In our study, we found that both methods (VEP and GDx) can be used for the detection of optic nerve damage, but VEP was found to be superior in evaluating whole brain demyelinization and axonal degeneration. Both VEP and MRI, but not GDx, have an important role in monitoring disease progression in MS patients, independent of the ON history.

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Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare nostril height, width, collumelar lenght, interalar distance and nostril symetry between unilateral complete cleft lip/palate patients undergoing nasoalveolar moulding (NAM) and incomplete cleft lip patients/palate with no need of presurgical moulding before and after cheiloplasty with primary nasal correction. Our study group included 18 patients from whom 9 were NAM cleft lip/ palate nasal deformity cases and 9 incomplete cleft lip/palate cases. All measurements were obtained by two independent investigators and averaged, standard deviations and symetry ratios were calculated, and paired and unpaired t-test was performed to compare the groups. Results: Our study results showed no statistically signifi cant difference in nostril height, width, collumelar lenght, interalar distance in unilateral cases in preoperative and postoperative measurements between these two groups. Symetry measurements included nostril width on the affected and nonaffected side, nostril height on the affected and nonaffected side before (T1) and after (T2) cheiloplasty. The nostril height ratio was 1.2 and 1.03 for T1 to T2 and the nostril width revealed a ratio of 0.5 and 0.8 for T1 to T2 in unilateral NAM cases. In the incomplete cleft lip group the height ratio was 1.04 and 1.03 for T1 to T2 and the width ratio was 0.59/0.93 in pre-/postoperative measurements. These symetry values showed also no statistical signifi cance between NAM and incomplete cleft lip cases. Conclusion: Our study results showed no statistical signifi cant difference in nostril height, width, collumelar lenght, interalar distance and nostril symetry between unilateral complete cleft lip/palate patients undergoing NAM and incomplete cleft lip patients/palate with no need of presurgical moulding, proving NAM combined with primary nasal correction is a very effi cient management for cleft lip/palate children with outstanding results (Tab. 5, Fig. 4, Ref. 25). Full Text in PDF www.elis.sk.

We suggest that rs61749246:C˃A of the FZD4 gene is likely associated with the development of ROP. It is necessary to confirm this suggestion in larger studies.