The use of green nesting material is widespred among birds. Recent evidence suggests that birds use secondary chemicals contained in green plants to control ectoparasites. We manipulated green nesting material and ectoparasites of European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) to test two hypotheses: (1) ectoparasites adversely affect prefledging survival and morphometrics or postfledging survival, and (2) green nesting material ameliorates the effects of ectoparasites. We recorded fat score, numbers of scabs, tarsal length, body mass, and hematocrit level on each nestling 17 days after hatching. We also fitted each nestling with unique patagial tags and resighted the starlings for 6-8 weeks after fledging to estimate survival and sighting rates. Nests devoid of green nesting material and dusted with the insecticide, carbaryl, had fewer high ectoparasite infestations, and nestlings had significantly lower scab scores, and significantly higher body masses than nestlings in undusted boxes. However, there was no difference in postfledging survival between birds from carbaryl-treated and undusted nests. There also was no difference in prefledging survival and morphometrics or postfledging survival between nestlings from boxes with and without green nesting material. These results do not support the hypothesis that starlings use green nesting material to control nest ectoparasites. We suggest an alternative hypothesis; green nesting material is used for mate selection or pairbonding in the starling.
The avian community of montane coniferous forests changed substantially over 21 years in response to the introduction of the balsam woolly adelgid insect ( Adelges piceae ) and the resulting death of endemic Fraser fir trees ( Abies fraseri ). These relict forests are at the southern limit of their distribution on the highest ridges of the southern Appalachian Mountains. We combined a historical study at Mount Collins in the Great Smoky Mountains with a geographic comparison of sites within five southern Appalachian mountain ranges variably affected by the adelgid. At Mount Collins, fir was virtually eliminated and canopy cover reduced to half its previous level. Long-term data from Mount Collins showed that the combined density for all breeding birds also declined by half. Of the common territorial species present in 1974, 10 of 11 declined, 6 by more than 50%. Some species are near local extinction. Canopy-and subcanopy-foraging species declined more than near-ground and trunk-foraging species. In addition, invasions of birds characteristic of open and disturbed forests have diluted the boreal character of the avifauna. These changes are consistent with two other long-term studies and are not explained by regional population trends. In the other southern Appalachian mountain ranges, where habitat is not as extensive, the adelgid invasion resulted in greater declines in avian abundance, stronger effects on sensitive species, and more pronounced invasions by successional species. Sensitive species in the southern Appalachian studies were also strongly affected in other studies of forest disturbance by fire and logging. The extent of relatively pristine spruce-fir forest and the population pools in other forest types in the Great Smoky Mountains appear to have buffered the effects of forest decline on the bird community. Respuesta de Comunidades de Aves a Perturbaciones de un Insecto Exótico en Bosques de Abeto en el Sur de los Apalaches Resumen: La comunidad de aves de bosques coníferos de montaña cambió sustancialmente a lo largo de 21 años en respuesta a la introducción del insecto adélgido lanudo Aldeges piceae y a la resultante muerte de árboles de Abetos Fraser ( Abies fraseri ). Estos vestigios de bosques se encuentran al limite sureño de su distribución en las montañas mas altas de los Apalaches. Combinamos un estudio histórico del monte Collins en las montañas Great Smoky con una comparación geográfica de sitios entre cinco cordilleras de los Apalaches afectados en forma variable por el adélgido. En el monte Collins, los abetos fueron virtualmente eliminados y la covertura del dosel reducida a la mitad de su nivel previo. Datos de largo plazo del monte Collins mostraron que la densidad combinada para todas las especies de aves anidando también disminuyó a la mitad.De las especies comunes en el territorio en 1974, 10 de 11 disminuyeron, seis en mas de un 50%. Algunas especies se encuentran cerca de su extinción local. Especies forrajeras de dosel y sub-dosel disminuyeron mas que aquellas especies forrajera...
I monitored 278 Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) nests in 14 forest fragments (range 7 to 500 ha) in northern Indiana to explore patterns of brood parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater), nest predation, and reproductive success. Density of thrushes was negatively related to area of forest fragments. Cowbirds were common throughout the landscape, but I found no relationship between their abundance and forest area. Overall, 90% of the thrush nests were parasitized by cowbirds (x̄ = 2.4 cowbird eggs per nest). The number of cowbird eggs per thrush nest was not related to forest area, abundance of host species, or distance to a forest edge but was positively related to thrush abundance. Nest predation rates averaged 58% and were lower than those reported in much of neighboring Illinois but also were unrelated to forest area and distance to a forest edge. The combination of cowbird parasitism and nest predation resulted in relatively low reproductive success (x̄ = 0.6 thrush fledglings per nesting attempt). I estimated that Wood Thrushes in northern Indiana made an average of three nesting attempts per breeding season (based on 17 color-marked females) and had relatively low seasonal fecundity (x̄ = 0.9 female fledglings per adult female per season). Nonetheless, considerable annual variation in seasonal fecundity suggested that some sites exceeded the source-sink threshold in some years. Regardless, the overall landscape appeared to be part of a regional sink for Wood Thrushes, although its negative influence on regional demography was not as severe as elsewhere in the midwestern United States. The poor demographic balance in much of the agriculturally dominated Midwest suggests that conservation efforts for Wood Thrushes and other Nearctic-Neotropical migrants should be directed at preserving and enhancing possible source habitats in regions where parasitism by cowbirds and nest predation are reduced.
Conservation strategies for forest-breeding, Neotropical migratory birds focus on the identification and preservation of source habitats. In sources, populations maintain relatively high levels of reproductive success, whereas in sinks, reproductive success is consistently below net replacement rate. In agricultural regions of the midwestern United States, forest patches of various sizes appear to act as sinks for Neotropical migrants. In 1994-1996 I monitored Wood Thrush ( Hylocichla mustelina ) nests in four forest patches in an agricultural landscape in northern Indiana. Given the prevailing estimates of adult and juvenile survival, I report productivity data that show substantial annual variation and that are sufficient to suggest the maintenance of temporal sources. Indeed, some Wood Thrush populations may act as source habitats in regions with relatively high levels of Brown-headed Cowbird ( Molothrys ater ) parasitism and nest predation because pairs produce multiple clutches and have the ability to fledge cowbirds and their own young from parasitized nests. My results and those from other studies of Wood Thrushes in landscapes with fragmented forests illustrate the variable ways in which source-sink dynamics are affected by habitat fragmentation. In some agricultural regions, populations in small forest patches may act as sources for Wood Thrushes and may be a legitimate focus of conservation efforts aimed at some migratory songbirds. Poblaciones de Zorzalito Manchado: no Todas son Vertedero en el Medio-Occidente Agrícola de los Estados Unidos * Current address:
The avian community of montane coniferous forests changed substantially over 21 years in response to the introduction of the balsam woolly adelgid insect ( Adelges piceae ) and the resulting death of endemic Fraser fir trees ( Abies fraseri ). These relict forests are at the southern limit of their distribution on the highest ridges of the southern Appalachian Mountains. We combined a historical study at Mount Collins in the Great Smoky Mountains with a geographic comparison of sites within five southern Appalachian mountain ranges variably affected by the adelgid. At Mount Collins, fir was virtually eliminated and canopy cover reduced to half its previous level. Long-term data from Mount Collins showed that the combined density for all breeding birds also declined by half. Of the common territorial species present in 1974, 10 of 11 declined, 6 by more than 50%. Some species are near local extinction. Canopy-and subcanopy-foraging species declined more than near-ground and trunk-foraging species. In addition, invasions of birds characteristic of open and disturbed forests have diluted the boreal character of the avifauna. These changes are consistent with two other long-term studies and are not explained by regional population trends. In the other southern Appalachian mountain ranges, where habitat is not as extensive, the adelgid invasion resulted in greater declines in avian abundance, stronger effects on sensitive species, and more pronounced invasions by successional species. Sensitive species in the southern Appalachian studies were also strongly affected in other studies of forest disturbance by fire and logging. The extent of relatively pristine spruce-fir forest and the population pools in other forest types in the Great Smoky Mountains appear to have buffered the effects of forest decline on the bird community. Respuesta de Comunidades de Aves a Perturbaciones de un Insecto Exótico en Bosques de Abeto en el Sur de los Apalaches Resumen: La comunidad de aves de bosques coníferos de montaña cambió sustancialmente a lo largo de 21 años en respuesta a la introducción del insecto adélgido lanudo Aldeges piceae y a la resultante muerte de ár-boles de Abetos Fraser ( Abies fraseri ). Estos vestigios de bosques se encuentran al limite sureño de su distribución en las montañas mas altas de los Apalaches. Combinamos un estudio histórico del monte Collins en las montañas Great Smoky con una comparación geográfica de sitios entre cinco cordilleras de los Apalaches afectados en forma variable por el adélgido. En el monte Collins, los abetos fueron virtualmente eliminados y la covertura del dosel reducida a la mitad de su nivel previo. Datos de largo plazo del monte Collins mostraron que la densidad combinada para todas las especies de aves anidando también disminuyó a la mitad.De las especies comunes en el territorio en 1974, 10 de 11 disminuyeron, seis en mas de un 50%. Algunas especies se encuentran cerca de su extinción local. Especies forrajeras de dosel y sub-dosel disminuyeron mas que aquellas especies forrajer...
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