Usage of any items from the University of Cumbria's institutional repository 'Insight' must conform to the following fair usage guidelines.Any item and its associated metadata held in the University of Cumbria's institutional repository Insight (unless stated otherwise on the metadata record) may be copied, displayed or performed, and stored in line with the JISC fair dealing guidelines (available here) for educational and not-for-profit activities provided that• the authors, title and full bibliographic details of the item are cited clearly when any part of the work is referred to verbally or in the written form• a hyperlink/URL to the original Insight record of that item is included in any citations of the work • the content is not changed in any way• all files required for usage of the item are kept together with the main item file. You may not• sell any part of an item• refer to any part of an item without citation • amend any item or contextualise it in a way that will impugn the creator's reputation• remove or alter the copyright statement on an item.The full policy can be found here. Alternatively contact the University of Cumbria Repository Editor by emailing insight@cumbria.ac.uk. ABSTRACT: Extreme sports, adventure, and ecotourism are bringing increasing numbers of people into remote backcountry areas worldwide. The number of people visiting wilderness areas is set to increase further, and nature tourism is the fastest growing sector in the $3.5 trillion global annual tourism market (Mehmetoglu 2006). What impacts will this have on the social perceptions, economic, and conservation values of these areas and the species that are found there? Relecting on over a decade's research on the impacts of the bear-viewing (Ursus spp.) ecotourism industry in British Columbia, Canada, this paper considers authenticity, place, and 'place making' via a case study of bear tourism in British Columbia (B.C.), Canada.
In 1867 the Football Association was considering disbanding but was largely dissuaded from doing so by the progress the game was making in Sheffield. The football rules used there seemed much more appealing to teams and spectators alike and the game was beginning to be exploited commercially. This commercialism was resisted though by the local social elite who still had a fierce belief in amateurism and opposed the professionalisation of football. At the same time, in Lancashire, there existed a vigorous sporting culture surrounding pedestrianism, horse racing, boxing and cricket together with a well developed structure of sporting facilities. By the 1870s football, a game that had not previously been exploited commercially in Lancashire, was beginning to become popular and was rapidly professionalised. Nominal record linkage indicates that this development was essentially driven by schoolteachers, clerks, bookkeepers and accountants using their social and cultural capital rather than the transference of public school culture through returning public schoolboys. The formation of modern association football in Lancashire between 1830 and 1885 can then be seen to be effected though linear continuities in local popular culture and the emergence of a lower middle class rather than public school traditions and a civilising process. Sur le terrain de Bosworth ou sur ceux d'Eton et de Rugby ? Qui a vraiment inventeĺ e football moderne?En 1867, la Fe´de´ration anglaise de football (FA) envisagea de se dissoudre, mais elle fut en grande partie dissuade´e de le faire en raison des progre`s du jeu pratiqueá`S heffield. Les re`gles du football qui y e´taient utilise´es semblaient beaucoup plus attractives pour les e´quipes ainsi que pour les spectateurs et le jeu commenc¸a aèˆt re exploite´commercialement. Ce mercantilisme fit l'objet de re´sistances par les e´lites sociales locales qui avaient toujours une fe´roce croyance en l'amateurisme et s'opposait a`la professionnalisation du football. Au meˆme moment, dans le Lancashire, existait une active culture sportive autour de la course a`pied, des courses de chevaux, de la boxe et du cricket, tout en pre´sentant des infrastructures sportives bien de´veloppe´es. Dans les anne´es 1870, le football, un jeu qui n'avait pre´ce´demment pas e´te´exploite´commercialement dans le Lancashire, commenc¸a ad evenir populaire et passa rapidement professionnel. Les listes nominatives conserve´es indiquent que ce de´veloppement a e´te´essentiellement conduit par des instituteurs, des employe´s et des comptables utilisant leur capital social et culturel plutoˆt que la transmission de la culture scolaire des e´tablissements prive´s en *Corresponding author. direction des e´le`ves de ces e´coles. La formation du football moderne dans le Lancashire entre 1830 et 1885 peut eˆtre vue comme e´tant affecte´e par des continuite´s line´aires dans la culture populaire locale et par l'e´mergence d'une petite bourgeoisie plutoˆt que par les traditions des e´tablissements scolaires et le process de civili...
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