This study was designed to test the extent to which women who self-objectify also objectify other women. One hundred thirty-two university students and their friends (64 women and 68 men) completed three questionnaires: (1) Noll and Fredrickson's (1998) Self-Objectification Questionnaire, (2) a modified version of that questionnaire that measured individuals' objectification of others, and (3) Slade, Dewey, Newton, and Brodie's (1990) Body Cathexis scale. Women were more likely than men to self-objectify. Selfobjectification was negatively related to body satisfaction for women but not for men. Both women and men objectified women more than they objectified men, although women's objectification of other women was not significantly different than their objectification of men. Men objectified women more than women did, and women objectified men more than men did. Women were more likely to objectify other women than to objectify themselves. Higher self-objectification among both women and men was related to increased objectification of other women and men, but the relationships were stronger for women. Results indicate that women also objectify women, although not to the degree exhibited by men.

Despite substantial advances in other areas of forgiveness research, empirical evaluation of a fundamental aspect of forgiveness, the process itself, has been virtually nonexistent. This article reviews the existing literature and concludes that although numerous process models have been proposed, many lack a coherent theoretical grounding, and few have been empirically validated. Importantly, understanding of the forgiveness process is hindered by a lack of consensus on what forgiveness is, and consequently what constitutes the endpoint of the process. In response to the many shortcomings in the literature, salient issues for future research are identified. The stress and coping model (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984) is proposed as a framework for guiding theorizing and research.Empirical psychological research on forgiveness has increased dramatically over the past two decades. Having long been considered the domain of theology and philosophy, the psychological antecedents, properties, and consequences of forgiveness now have been studied in a variety of settings-e.g., counseling, social, justice, organizational, and cultural-with adolescents and adults, couples, families, and groups, and as a response to a wide range of hurts and injustices. Forgiveness research has been extended beyond its traditional focus on forgiveness of others to include forgiveness of self

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The aim of this theoretical review was to identify the important factors shown to affect attitudes towards use of educational technologies by students or educators in higher education institutions and organise them into broad, intermediate and narrow groupings. This was done to assist the construction of more objective measurement instruments used in the evaluation of educational technologies. A qualitative review of the influential factors that affect user attitudes, intentions and motivations to use educational technologies was conducted, first by interrogating the fundamental behavioural theories underpinning technology acceptance models, and then by exploring the findings of later and contemporary empirical research conducted in the educational context. Identified factors were grouped to produce an ordered taxonomy of measurement constructs. This taxonomy provides each construct’s lineage back through tertiary, secondary and primary taxonomic groups and provides a greater scope of measurement than commonly used models. Seven primary and twenty two secondary and tertiary taxonomic groups were defined, which collectively comprise sixty one measurement constructs. The taxonomy is designed to reduce measurement bias within studies and also acts as a basis for consistent and objective benchmarking within and across institutions. Practitioner NotesWhat is already known about this topic Technology acceptance models are derived from a number of foundational behavioural and motivational theories. The TAM and UTAUT are validated models that appraise attitude and/or behavioural intent to use an educational technology, which nonetheless do not cover the entire scope of what has been shown to be important in various studies. There is little consistency from study to study of measurement constructs used in technology acceptance models. What this paper adds Collection and organisation of the salient measurement constructs into a flexible taxonomy. Establishment of a consistent measurement scope that is specifically suited to educational technology research. Establishment of construct lineage that clearly shows similarities and differences between the various constructs. Implications for practice and/or policy The taxonomy supports robust instrument construction to improve both convergent and discriminant validity of measurement models. The taxonomy provides a recommended scope for higher education institutions to measure factors affecting use of various educational technologies. Consistent use of the taxonomy will provide an objective standard that can be used to compare across institutions or within institutions over time, which assist with benchmarking and management decisions. The taxonomy can be used as a framework for meta‐analyses or to collate ‘prior’ data to use in Bayesian‐type technology evaluation.

In this study, we applied the construct of self-objectification to men, specifically to examine the role of reasons for exercise in men's responses to objectification. A questionnaire that assessed self-objectification, reasons for exercise, body esteem, and self-esteem was voluntarily completed by 153 Australian participants between the ages of 18 and 35 years (82 men and a comparison group of 71 women). Self-objectification and appearance-related reasons for exercise were significantly negatively related to body esteem for both men and women. Self-objectification was also positively related to appearance-related reasons for exercise. The latter was found to mediate the relationship between self-objectification and body esteem for both men and women. Men were just as likely as women to exercise for appearance-related reasons. Together, the results suggest that objectification may be sensibly applied to men and that exercising for appearance-related reasons appears to exacerbate the negative impact that self-objectification has on both men's and women's esteem.

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Performance‐enhancing drug use by elite athletes is a modern sporting and social concern. We applied a long‐overdue theoretical framework, perceptual deterrence, to predicting the banned drug‐use decisions of 116 elite Australian footballers and soccer players. The strongest influence on athletes' hypothetical decisions to use drugs was their personal moral beliefs and health concerns, each of which also mediated the relationship between drug testing and athletes' decisions to use banned substances. Drug testing had little influence on athletes' imagined drug use decisions, although there are athletes for whom legal sanctions are necessary. The results have important implications for the way in which authorities fund and frame future anti‐drug initiatives; particularly the relationship between drug testing and athletes' personal moral beliefs.

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