Family carers are a major source of help and assistance to the persons they provide care for. They are also major contributors to the welfare system, balancing the national health care expenditure. Increasing attention, in research as well as government policy, is being paid to their role as informal caregivers. Support to family carers seems to be a new 'buzzword' in Swedish Government policy. However, supporting family carers may prove to be a more complex endeavour than one initially might be led to believe. Support could here be understood as any services, assistances, education, information, attitudes, and lay or professional person's provision for the benefit of the family carer. The aim of this systematic review was to identify modes of, and scientific evidence on, support for family carers of cohabiting elderly persons. The method followed a seven-step model: a focused research question was formulated creating a base for deriving search words and inclusion and exclusion criteria for studies. Systematic database searches identified several studies some of which were retrieved, critically appraised and classified by two independent reviewers. A total of 26 articles were finally included, revealing that family carers fear social isolation and wish to network in groups with peers, either for social or for learning needs purposes. Family carers also desire respite care. However, it is unclear whether they actually benefit from any of the above or how service provision should be attempted.

The present analysis makes use of the Vlasov-Maxwell equations to develop a fully kinetic description of the electrostatic, electron-ion two-stream instability driven by the directed axial motion of a highintensity ion beam propagating in the z direction with average axial momentum g 21͞2 . Furthermore, the ion motion in the beam frame is assumed to be nonrelativistic, and the electron motion in the laboratory frame is assumed to be nonrelativistic. The ion charge and number density are denoted by 1Z b e and n b , and the electron charge and number density by 2e and n e . For Z b n b . n e , the electrons are electrostatically confined in the transverse direction by the space-charge potential f produced by the excess ion charge. The equilibrium and stability analysis retains the effects of finite radial geometry transverse to the beam propagation direction, including the presence of a perfectly conducting cylindrical wall located at radius r r w . In addition, the analysis assumes perturbations with long axial wavelength, k bb and increasing fractional charge neutralization f. In addition, the instability is strongest (largest growth rate) for perturbations with azimuthal mode number ᐉ 1, corresponding to a simple (dipole) transverse displacement of the beam ions and the background electrons. For the case of overlapping step-function density profiles for the beam ions and background electrons, corresponding to monoenergetic ions and electrons, a key result is that there is no threshold in beam intensityv 2 pb ͞v 0 2 bb or fractional charge neutralization f for the onset of instability. Finally, for the case of continuously varying density profiles with parabolic profile shape, a semiquantitative estimate is made of the effects of the corresponding spread in (depressed) betatron frequency on stability behavior, including an estimate of the instability threshold for the case of weak density nonuniformity. [S1098-4402(99) 00035-X]

The aim of this study was to illuminate the meaning of being supportive to family caregivers who care for a relative at home as narrated by registered nurses. The context used to allow for the meaning of being supportive to be illuminated was palliative home care. The study uses a phenomenological-hermeneutical method inspired by the philosophy of Ricoeur. Data consisted of narrative interviews, which were analyzed in three recurring phases: naive reading, structural analyses and interpreted whole. Twenty nurses from the hospitals in Sweden participated in the study. Two core themes were found: forming a relationship and keeping caregiving at home.

We developed light requirements for eelgrass in the Pacific Northwest, USA, to evaluate the effects of shortand long-term reductions in irradiance reaching eelgrass, especially related to turbidity and overwater structures. Photosynthesis-irradiance experiments and depth distribution field studies indicated that eelgrass productivity was maximum at a photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of about 350-550 μmol quanta m −2 s −1 . Winter plants had approximately threefold greater net apparent primary productivity rate at the same irradiance as summer plants.Growth studies using artificial shading as well as field monitoring of light and eelgrass growth indicated that longterm survival required at least 3 mol quanta m −2 day −1 on average during spring and summer (i.e., May-September), and that growth was saturated above about 7 mol quanta m −2 day −1 . We conclude that non-light-limited growth of eelgrass in the Pacific Northwest requires an average of at least 7 mol quanta m −2 day −1 during spring and summer and that long-term survival requires a minimum average of 3 mol quanta m −2 day −1 .