Syphilis infection was associated with significant increases in the HIV viral load and significant decreases in the CD4 cell count. The findings underscore the importance of preventing and promptly treating syphilis in HIV-infected individuals.

Tests for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which can provide results rapidly to guide therapeutic decision-making, offer patient care advantages over laboratory-based tests that require several days to provide results. We compared results from the Cepheid GeneXpert CT/NG (Xpert) assay to results from two currently approved nucleic acid amplification assays in 1,722 female and 1,387 male volunteers. Results for chlamydia in females demonstrated sensitivities for endocervical, vaginal, and urine samples of 97.4%, 98.7%, and 97.6%, respectively, and for urine samples from males, a sensitivity of 97.5%, with all specificity estimates being >99.4%. Results for gonorrhea in females demonstrated sensitivities for endocervical, vaginal, and urine samples of 100.0%, 100.0%, and 95.6%, respectively, and for urine samples from males, a sensitivity of 98.0%, with all estimates of specificity being >99.8%. These results indicate that this short-turnaround-time test can be used to accurately test patients and to possibly do so at the site of care, thus potentially improving chlamydia and gonorrhea control efforts. Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are the agents of the two most prevalent bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs) reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), accounting for Ͼ1.6 million reported infections in the United States in 2010 (1). The CDC estimates that STIs cost the health care system $1.5 billion annually. Since these infections, especially chlamydia, are most often asymptomatic, the CDC recommends yearly screening for chlamydia in all sexually active women aged 16 to 25 years. Further, since coinfections are common, most diagnostic test platforms assay for both organisms. Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) are now recommended by the CDC (2) as the tests of choice; however, current NAATs are classified as being of high or moderate complexity and might take 1 to 2 days for results to become available. New assays and new platforms that provide results at the time of patient visits are urgently needed, since many patients do not return for their results when laboratory-based tests that require several days for their results are performed (3, 4).The Cepheid GeneXpert CT/NG (Xpert) assay is a rapid (Ͻ2 h to results) NAAT assay that can be performed in on-site laboratories. The assay detects the DNA of C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae from endocervical, vaginal, and urine specimens of females, as well as from urine specimens of males, from both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. The Xpert test is performed using a modular cartridge-based platform for testing each specimen by nucleic acid amplification, and it can process from 1 to 96 specimens in Ͻ2 h with easy-to-use cartridges that minimize processing steps and contamination. This study compares the clinical performance (as measured by sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value [PPV] and negative predictive value [NPV]) of the Xpert assay to the patient infection status (PIS)...

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In diverse settings in four studies, the OraQuick test showed high sensitivity and specificity for HIV antibody in whole blood and oral fluid specimens. Slightly more false-positive and false-negative results occurred with oral fluid than with whole blood, but performance with both specimen types was similar to, or better than, that of conventional EIAs.

Although regional differences exist, our data suggest that the incidence of HCV infection among injection drug users in the United States decreased from 1994 through 2004.