OBJECTIVE—This study examined 1) whether the benefits of mothers’ and fathers’ accepting relationships with their adolescents regarding diabetes control were due to parental monitoring and 2) how parents together may provide sufficient acceptance and monitoring for diabetes management. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Adolescents aged 10–14 years with type 1 diabetes (n = 185) and their mothers (n = 185) and fathers (n = 145) completed assessments of parental acceptance and monitoring of diabetes tasks. Adolescents completed a modified version of the Self-Care Inventory (1) to measure adherence. A1C scores were used as a marker of glycemic control. RESULTS—Mediational analyses revealed that the benefits of adolescents’ reports of fathers’ acceptance on A1C and mothers’ and fathers’ acceptance on better adherence were partially mediated by monitoring. Both mothers’ and fathers’ monitoring and fathers’ acceptance had independent effects in predicting adherence. However, only fathers’ monitoring had an independent effect on A1C. The effect of fathers’ monitoring on A1C occurred as fathers were monitoring at a lower level than mothers. Mothers’ and fathers’ reports of their own acceptance and monitoring were not associated with A1C or adherence. CONCLUSIONS—Results reveal the importance of fathers’ acceptance and monitoring in diabetes management, a role that should be encouraged, despite the little attention it has received.

Transfer of responsibility for diabetes management across adolescence may be more optimal when adolescents' increased independence is titrated to their changing self-efficacy beliefs.

We examined whether intra-family discrepancies in perceptions of the adolescent's competence and independence were associated with autonomy and also well-being for adolescents and parents. The latent discrepancy model was used to examine the ways that mothers and fathers consistently differed from their adolescent across measures of independence and competence regarding type 1 diabetes, a stressful context for families. One-hundred and eighty-five mothers, fathers, and adolescents (M age= 12.5 SD= 1.3) completed measures of the adolescent's independence in completing diabetes tasks, problems with diabetes management, adherence to the medical regimen, measures of wellbeing, and metabolic control. The latent discrepancy model was conducted via structural equation modeling that generated latent discrepancies from the adolescent for mothers and fathers. Both mothers and fathers viewed the adolescent's competence more negatively than did the adolescent. These discrepancies related to more parental encouragement of independence and adolescent autonomy, but also poorer metabolic control, and poorer parental psychosocial well-being. ThePublisher's Disclaimer: The following manuscript is the final accepted manuscript. It has not been subjected to the final copyediting, fact-checking, and proofreading required for formal publication. It is not the definitive, publisher-authenticated version. The American Psychological Association and its Council of Editors disclaim any responsibility or liabilities for errors or omissions of this manuscript version, any version derived from this manuscript by NIH, or other third parties. The published version is available at www.apa.org/journals/dev. results are interpreted within a developmental perspective that views discrepancies as reflecting normative developmental processes of autonomy, but associated with disruptions in well-being in the short term. NIH Public AccessKeywords parent-child relationship; autonomy; adolescence; parent adjustment; type 1 diabetes Adolescence is a time when children and their parents work toward a new type of relationship as adolescents experience socio-emotional and cognitive developments (Steinberg & Silk, 2002). As a consequence, adolescents and their parents frequently view the family (Carlson, Cooper, & Spradling, 1991) and their relationship in discrepant ways (Tein, Roosa, & Michaels, 1994). A key parent-child discrepancy involves views of adolescents' competence and independence (Holmbeck & O'Donnell, 1991), with adolescents perceiving themselves as more competent and independent than do parents. In this paper, we examine discrepancies between the adolescent's and the parent's views of the adolescent's competence and independence with respect to diabetes management. We utilize a developmental and transactional perspective that views the parent-child relationship as a dynamic one where both parent and adolescent develop Kim, Conger, Lorenz, & Elder, 2001). We examine how discrepancies across multiple metrics of independence and competence ...

Adolescent perceptions of components of parental involvement are interrelated, yet separate constructs for both mothers and fathers. Parental monitoring was an important predictor of management of type 1 diabetes during adolescence.

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Three-year survival of 57 % in patients with inoperable colorectal lung metastases is better than would be expected with chemotherapy alone. Patients with inoperable but small-volume colorectal lung metastases should be referred for ablation.

This study assesses if correspondence existed between concepts scholars use to discuss positive youth development (PYD) and terms used by practitioners, parents, and youth to discuss exemplary PYD, or thriving. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of 173 interviews about the meaning of thriving found no significant commonality between the terms used in the scholarly literature and the specific words or phrases used by the adult and youth participants. However, the terms generated by the adults and youthwere able to be grouped into categories that reflect the general concepts used in the PYD literature (e.g., the five Cs ofcompetence, confidence, connection, character, caring, and the sixth C, contribution). Applications to public education youth programs are discussed.