A precision measurement by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station of the positron fraction in primary cosmic rays in the energy range from 0.5 to 350 GeV based on 6.8×106 positron and electron events is presented. The very accurate data show that the positron fraction is steadily increasing from 10 to ∼250 GeV, but, from 20 to 250 GeV, the slope decreases by an order of magnitude. The positron fraction spectrum shows no fine structure, and the positron to electron ratio shows no observable anisotropy. Together, these features show the existence of new physical phenomena
Lonsdaleite, also called hexagonal diamond, has been widely used as a marker of asteroidal impacts. It is thought to play a central role during the graphite-to-diamond transformation, and calculations suggest that it possesses mechanical properties superior to diamond. However, despite extensive efforts, lonsdaleite has never been produced or described as a separate, pure material. Here we show that defects in cubic diamond provide an explanation for the characteristic d-spacings and reflections reported for lonsdaleite. Ultrahigh-resolution electron microscope images demonstrate that samples displaying features attributed to lonsdaleite consist of cubic diamond dominated by extensive {113} twins and {111} stacking faults. These defects give rise to nanometre-scale structural complexity. Our findings question the existence of lonsdaleite and point to the need for re-evaluating the interpretations of many lonsdaleite-related fundamental and applied studies.
The
search for new nanostructural topologies composed of elemental
carbon is driven by technological opportunities as well as the need
to understand the structure and evolution of carbon materials formed
by planetary shock impact events and in laboratory syntheses. We describe
two new families of diamond-graphene (diaphite) phases constructed
from layered and bonded sp3 and sp2 nanostructural
units and provide a framework for classifying the members of this
new class of materials. The nanocomposite structures are identified
within both natural impact diamonds and laboratory-shocked samples
and possess diffraction features that have previously been assigned
to lonsdaleite and postgraphite phases. The diaphite nanocomposites
represent a new class of high-performance carbon materials that are
predicted to combine the superhard qualities of diamond with high
fracture toughness and ductility enabled by the graphitic units and
the atomically defined interfaces between the sp3- and
sp2-bonded nanodomains.
Research on new reaction routes and precursors to prepare
catalysts
for CO
2
hydrogenation has enormous importance. Here, we
report on the preparation of the permanganate salt of the urea-coordinated
iron(III), [hexakis(urea-
O
)iron(III)]permanganate
([Fe(urea-O)
6
](MnO
4
)
3
) via an affordable
synthesis route and preliminarily demonstrate the catalytic activity
of its (Fe,Mn)O
x
thermal decomposition
products in CO
2
hydrogenation. [Fe(urea-O)
6
](MnO
4
)
3
contains O-coordinated urea ligands in octahedral
propeller-like arrangement around the Fe
3+
cation. There
are extended hydrogen bond interactions between the permanganate ions
and the hydrogen atoms of the urea ligands. These hydrogen bonds serve
as reaction centers and have unique roles in the solid-phase quasi-intramolecular
redox reaction of the urea ligand and the permanganate anion below
the temperature of ligand loss of the complex cation. The decomposition
mechanism of the urea ligand (ammonia elimination with the formation
of isocyanuric acid and biuret) has been clarified. In an inert atmosphere,
the final thermal decomposition product was manganese-containing wuestite,
(Fe,Mn)O, at 800 °C, whereas in ambient air, two types of bixbyite
(Fe,Mn)
2
O
3
as well as jacobsite (Fe,Mn)
T-4
(Fe,Mn)
OC-6
2
O
4
), with overall Fe to Mn stoichiometry of 1:3, were formed. These
final products were obtained regardless of the different atmospheres
applied during thermal treatments up to 350 °C. Disordered bixbyite
formed first with inhomogeneous Fe and Mn distribution and double-size
supercell and then transformed gradually into common bixbyite with
regular structure (and with 1:3 Fe to Mn ratio) upon increasing the
temperature and heating time. The (Fe,Mn)O
x
intermediates formed under various conditions showed catalytic effect
in the CO
2
hydrogenation reaction with <57.6% CO
2
conversions and <39.3% hydrocarbon yields. As a mild solid-phase
oxidant, hexakis(urea-
O
)iron(III) permanganate, was
found to be selective in the transformation of (un)substituted benzylic
alcohols into benzaldehydes and benzonitriles.
Complex nanostructures in diamondMeteoritic diamonds formed during bolide impacts on Earth and diamond-related materials synthesized by compressing graphite contain a wide variety of complex nanostructures. This Comment highlights and classifies this structural complexity by a systematic hierarchical approach, and discusses the perspectives on nanostructure and properties engineering of diamond-related materials.
The issue of diagenetic alteration of carbonate deposits in caves (speleothems) has gained increasing importance in recent years, as this process has serious consequences for speleothembased paleoclimate studies. In this study stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope data of water trapped in fluid inclusions were collected for recently forming stalagmites and flowstones in order to determine how dripwater compositions are reflected and preserved in the inclusion water compositions. Hydrogen isotope compositions were found to reflect dripwater values, whereas the oxygen isotope data were increasingly shifted from the local dripwater compositions with the time elapsed after deposition. The δ 18 O data are correlated with X-Ray diffraction full width at half maximum values (related to crystal domain size and lattice strain),suggesting that the oxygen isotope shift is related to recrystallization of calcite. Transmission electron microscope analyses detected the presence of nanocrystalline (<50 nm) calcite, whose crystallization to coarser-grained calcite crystals (>200 nm) may have induced re-equilibration between the carbonate and the trapped inclusion water. The Ostwald ripening process provides an explanation for unexpectedly low oxygen isotope compositions in the inclusion water. The detected diagenetic alteration and its isotopic effects should be taken into consideration during sampling strategies and data evaluation as speleothems containing nanocrystalline calcite during their deposition are prone to late-stage oxygen isotope water-carbonate re-equilibration, which may shift the oxygen isotope composition of the inclusion water to more depleted values while the hydrogen isotope composition remains intact.
A compound having redox-active permanganate and complexed silver ions with reducing pyridine ligands is used as a mild organic and as a precursor for nanocatalyst synthesis in a low-temperature solid-phase quasi-intramolecular redox reaction.
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