Supported single-metal atom catalysts (SACs) are constituted of isolated active metal centers, which are heterogenized on inert supports such as graphene, porous carbon, and metal oxides. Their thermal stability, electronic properties, and catalytic activities can be controlled via interactions between the single-metal atom center and neighboring heteroatoms such as nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Due to the atomic dispersion of the active catalytic centers, the amount of metal required for catalysis can be decreased, thus offering new possibilities to control the selectivity of a given transformation as well as to improve catalyst turnover frequencies and turnover numbers. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the synthesis of Fe-SACs with a focus on anchoring single atoms (SA) on carbon/graphene supports. The characterization of these advanced materials using various spectroscopic techniques and their applications in diverse research areas are described. When applicable, mechanistic investigations conducted to understand the specific behavior of Fe-SACs-based catalysts are highlighted, including the use of theoretical models. CONTENTS 1. Introduction 13620 2. Scope of This Review 13623 3. Synthesis of Fe-SACs 13623 3.1. N-Doped Graphene-Based Fe-SACs 13623 3.2. Nitrogen-Doped Porous Carbon-Based Fe-SACs 13626 3.3. C 3 N 4 -Based Fe-SACs 13634 4.

Homogeneous and heterogenized basic ionic liquids as reaction catalysts have been highlighted, particularly where they are used to promote reactions that could form the basis of more sustainable energy and chemical production.

3 sugar based low molecular weight gelators are shown to form ionic liquid gels with a diverse range of ionic liquids.