The direct sulfonation of arylphosphanes with H2SO4/SO3/boric acid offers numerous advantages, the most significant being that P oxidation is largely avoided. In addition, selective sulfonation is possible. The products, for example 1, are water‐soluble and interesting with respect to two‐phase catalysis. Ar = C6H4‐m‐SO3Na.
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The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Saturated Aldehydes 2.1. Physical Properties 2.2. Chemical Properties 2.3. Production 2.4. Individual Saturated C 5 –C 13 Aldehydes 2.4.1. C 5 Aldehydes 2.4.2. C 6 Aldehydes 2.4.3. C 7 Aldehydes 2.4.4. C 8 Aldehydes 2.4.5. C 9 Aldehydes 2.4.6. C 10 Aldehydes 2.4.7. C 11 Aldehydes 2.4.8. C 12 Aldehydes 2.4.9. C 13 Aldehydes 3. Unsaturated Aldehydes 3.1. Physical Properties 3.2. Chemical Properties 3.3. Production 3.4. Individual Unsaturated C 5 –C 11 Aldehydes 3.4.1. C 5 Alkenals 3.4.2. C 6 Alkenals 3.4.3. C 8 Alkenals 3.4.4. C 10 Alkenals 3.4.5. C 11 Alkenals 4. Hydroxyaldehydes 4.1. Properties 4.2. Production 4.3. Individual Hydroxyaldehydes 4.3.1. 3‐Hydroxypropanal 4.3.2. 3‐Hydroxybutanal (Acetaldol) 4.3.3. 4‐Hydroxybutanal 4.3.4. 2,2‐Dimethyl‐3‐hydroxypropanal (Hydroxypivaldehyde) 4.3.5. 2‐Ethyl‐3‐hydroxyhexanal (Butyraldol) 4.3.6. 3,7‐Dimethyl‐7‐hydroxyoctanal (Hydroxycitronellal) 5. Dialdehydes 5.1. Properties 5.2. Production 5.3. Individual Dialdehydes 5.3.1. Succinaldehyde (1,4‐Butanedial) 5.3.2. Glutardialdehyde (1,5‐Pentanedial) 5.3.3. TCD Dialdehyde 6. Acetals 6.1. Properties 6.2. Production 6.3. Uses 7. Quality Control 8. Analysis 9. Storage, Transportation, and Environmental Regulations 10. Economic Aspects
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