A study was made of the mechanical properties of vacuum arc-melted tungsten and tungsten-rhenium alloys in the temperature range 77' to 810' K in order to elucidate the mechanism by which rhenium additions lower the ductile-brittle transition temperature of tungsten. The temperature and strain-rate dependency of the yield s t r e s s of tungsten is reduced by alloying with rhenium. This is shown to be because of a reduction in the Peierls s t r e s s . The reduction in the transition temperature is attributed to the reduced Peierls s t r e s s through its effect on the mobility and rate of multiplication of dislocations.ii I- ' YIELDING AND FRACTURE IN TUNGSTEN AND TUNGSTEN-RHENIUM ALLOYSby Peter L. Raffo Lewis Research Center SUMMARY A study was made of the mechanical properties of vacuum arc-melted tungsten and tungsten-rhenium alloys in the temperature range 7 7 O to 810' K. The ductile-brittle transition temperature of the unalloyed recrystallized tungsten prepared for this study was 490' K and was reduced to 430' and 350' K by additions of 2 and 25 percent rhenium (Re), respectively. The temperature and strain rate dependence of the yield stress of tungsten is decreased by alloying with rhenium. The work-hardening rate of l-percent plastic s t r a i n for unalloyed tungsten (W) increases rapidly with decreasing temperature, although it is relatively independent of temperature in the W-Re alloys. In unalloyed tungsten and dilute W-Re alloys, fracture was mainly by cleavage. In these materials, fracture is controlled by crack initiation; in the W-25-percent-Re alloy, failure is con trolled by crack propagation. The observations suggest that yielding of unalloyed tungsten is controlled by the nucleation of kink pairs over the Peierls b a r r i e r . Alloying with rhenium reduces the Peierls stress. The yielding of a W-25-percent-Re alloy is con trolled by a similar mechanism at low temperatures; at higher temperatures, an appar ent decrease in the s tacking-fault energy alters the yielding mechanism to one in which it is controlled by the recombination of dissociated screw dislocations. The reduction in the transition temperature in W-Re alloys is thought to be caused by the stress relax ation effect of an increased plastic-strain rate at the tip of a crack as a result of in creased dislocation mobilities and multiplication rates. Various theories have been advanced to explain the brittleness of these metals, with varying degrees of success. The fact that the transition temperature is sensitive to the presence of interstitial impurities has received the most attention and is supported by the fact that zone purification of molybdenum and tungsten has resulted i n significant decreases i n the transition temperature (refs. 3 and 4). The major effect of inter stitials appears to be related to their interaction with grain boundaries either in solid solution o r as Lxecipitate(ref. 5), since single crystals of the group VI metals are ductile at temperatures well below ambient. Other theories advanced t...
The mechanical properties of a series of Ta–Re alloys and some Ta–Mo and Ta–W alloys have been investigated by deforming single crystals in compression. Experimental results on slip-line observations, stress–strain curves, yield stresses and anisotropic elastic constants are presented. Slip occurs on the {110} planes; twinning is never observed and the alloys become increasingly brittle as the solute concentration is increased or the temperature is decreased. Yield stress versus composition curves show a minimum at low temperatures. It is suggested that this is due to a reduction in the intrinsic lattice friction stress of the pure metal by alloying, before alloy hardening is able to increase the yield stress again. The alloy hardening has been analyzed and the yield stress τ, the solute concentration c, and the temperature T are related by an expression [Formula: see text], where k and T0 are constants and μ is the shear modulus. Such a relationship has been derived by Fleischer for interactions of dislocations with tetragonal distortions. It is unlikely that this implies that tetragonal defects (for example, solute pairs) are important in tantalum alloys; presumably elastic interactions with single solute atoms can also give such a temperature and concentration dependence of the yield stress. Comparisons with other b.c.c. alloys have been made and it is found that the rate of alloy hardening is directly proportional to the atomic size misfit in most of the alloys where data are available for single crystals.
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