This paper investigates multiple suffixation in Kîîtharaka, an SVO Bantu language spoken in Kenya (code E54 in the Guthrie classification). Assuming as a starting point that semantic scopes are encoded in syntax such that if an affix A scopes over an affix B, A asymmetrically c‐commands B, this paper argues that linearization from the base semantic scope to the phonological form is easily derived by phrasal movement. The novelty in the paper is the presentation and discussion of semantic scopes between suffixes and the overt assumption that scopes are encoded in the syntax. Furthermore, this paper breaks from the Bantu tradition of examining the scopes between argument‐related suffixes such as the causative, applicative, reciprocal and passive, and goes further to include aspectual morphemes such as the perfective and the habitual and adverbial‐like suffixes such as the erratic. This paper shows that the verbal complex containing argument‐related, aspectual, and adverbial‐like suffixes arises from the syntactic hierarchy determined by scope via restricted phrasal movement.
In this paper, I discuss the categorial status of Kîîtharaka adpositions. I demonstrate that there are two main classes of adpositions(to be referred to as Class A and Class B). Class A adpositions are syntactic heads and they belong to the functional lexical category P. Class B adpositions are a phrasal P category with a nominal component. They therefore spell out a complex structure than adpositional heads do. This bipartation of Kîîtharaka Ps is based on (i) optionality of complements (ii) case assignment (iii) modification (iv) recoverability of content (v) movement and (vi) derivational morphology.
Examinations provide discriminatory criteria for individuals and evaluate whether educational goals are being achieved. To guarantee equity, fair evaluation must be devoid of all malpractices. The KNEC has put in place policies aimed at reducing cases of examination malpractices; however there has been a rise in reported cases of examination malpractices with the release of every examination results. The current study sought to determine the effectiveness of the examination handling and distribution procedures in addressing the examination malpractices. A sample size of 511 subjects was involved in the study. The study was conducted using descriptive survey research design. Reliability of instruments was determined using cronbach coefficient alpha method. The study established that the management of the examinations is dominated by the male gender. Handling and distribution of examinations was blamed for examinations malpractices. The researcher recommends training for all personnel involved in the management of the examinations.
is a very crucial language. For a long time English has been the sole official language in the country, but after the promulgation of the new constitution in 2010, Kiswahili was accorded the status of an official language too. English is a compulsory subject in secondary school education. Proficiency in English is very critical for a student who wishes to compete favorably with other learners in the country for prestigious careers and consequently jobs. In Imenti South District day schools, little is done to enforce the use of English among students' interaction in their day today activities. The study established that mother-tongue maintenance influenced the acquisition of English language skills in day secondary schools. Since mother-tongue is a hindrance to the acquisition of English language among day secondary school students, the study recommends that school administration and teachers should enforce rules to limit the use of vernacular in students' interaction. It is the
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