The concentration of cytokines such as Interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been reported to be elevated in depressed and schizophrenic patients and, in healthy persons, upon stress. Interleukin-6 plasma levels were determined in depressed (n = 12) and schizophrenic (n = 32) patients during the acute state of illness and after remission at approximately 8 weeks after admission and were compared with healthy controls (n = 12). Patients were diagnosed according to DSM-III-R by the Structured Clinical Interview (SCID). Severity of illness was assessed for depression by the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and for schizophrenia by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). Interleukin-6 plasma concentrations were elevated during the acute state either of depression or of schizophrenia if compared to controls. After remission, IL-6 concentrations in depressed and in schizophrenic patients had decreased and did not differ significantly from controls. We hypothesize that the elevated IL-6 levels during the acute state of depression or schizophrenia may reflect an unspecific stress response.
1. The Rosenow antistreptococcic poliomyelitis serum concentrated or unconcentrated does not neutralize the virus of poliomyelitis as tested in monkeys. 2. The Pettit antipoliomyelitis horse serum neutralizes the virus only occasionally. 3. "Immune" sheep sera prepared according to the method of Pettit have not neutralized virus even when the normal sera of the same animal have given neutralization. 4. The reason for such chance neutralizations is obscure and should not be confused with the constant virus-neutralizing action of both human and monkey convalescent sera. 5. Experimental evidence affords no basis for the use of either the Rosenow or the Pettit serum in the therapy of poliomyelitis.
Two strains of the paratyphoid B-enteritidis group causing separate epidemics of mouse typhoid among 2,500 to 4,000 cancer breeding mice are found to be antigenically different. Mouse Typhoid I, isolated from the first outbreak, is related but not identical with two strains of enteritidis, while Mouse Typhoid II is related to but not identical with the human paratyphoid B strains.
In a separate paper in this series, Webster has identified Mouse Typhoid II strain with Bacillus pestis caviæ Smith and has suggested its close relation to the Bacillus aertrycke (mutton) group of Schütze.
The central nervous organs and other viscera of six rats, collected in a district in Greater New York in which many cases of epidemic poliomyelitis occurred, have been proved incapable of inciting, on inoculation, experimental poliomyelitis in Macacus rhesus monkeys.
The virus of poliomyelitis injected into the brain of white rats does not survive there as long as 4 days in a form or in amounts sufficient to cause infection when inoculated intracerebrally into monkeys.
The failure of the virus injected into the brain of rats to incite infection in monkeys is not due to the quantity introduced, since at the expiration of 1½ hours after the injection, the excised inoculation site when injected into the monkey caused typical experimental poliomyelitis.
It does not appear probable, therefore, that the rat acts in nature as the reservoir of the virus of poliomyelitis.
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