Wave scattering of a solitary wave traveling over a submerged horizontal plate was studied. Experiments for normal incidence were conducted in a wave flume with a horizontal plate suspended at two different depths in the middle of the flume. Gauge pressures above and underneath the plate, surface elevations on and near the plate, and flow velocities at three representative fields of view were measured. The flow underneath the plate was found to behave almost like a plug flow, driven by the time-dependent, spatially uniform pressure gradient between the two openings. Complex vortices formed near the two edges of the plate as the plate acted like a flow divider. A numerical model based on 2D Navier-Stokes equations was used to further confirm the main features captured by the experimental measurements. Analytical solutions based on the linear long wave theory, which admits a "soliton-like" impulse wave solution, were also derived. The linear theory was applicable for obliquely incident impulse waves. When the analytical solutions were applied to the wave conditions used in the experiments, it was found that the theory described pressure and surface elevation satisfactorily when the non-linearity is insignificant. Based on the pressure distribution above and beneath the plate the total vertical force and moment exerted on the plate were calculated. As the wave passed over the plate, the plate first experienced a lift, followed by a force in the downward direction, and then a lift again. As a result a non-zero time-varying moment existed. The analytical solution was also utilized to examine the effects of relative plate width on the transmitted and reflected waves. The effects of the angle of incidence

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This paper presents a study of the waves generated by a solid block landslide moving along a horizontal boundary. The landslide was controlled using a mechanical system in a series of physical experiments, and laser-induced fluorescence measurements resolved both spatial and temporal variations in the free surface elevation. During its constant-velocity motion, the landslide transferred energy into 'trapped o↵shore-propagating waves within a narrow frequency band. The

This paper presents a suite of analytical solutions, for both the free-surface elevation and the flow velocity, for landslide-generated water waves. The one-dimensional (horizontal, 1DH) analytical solutions for water waves generated by a solid landslide moving at a constant speed in constant water depth were obtained for the linear and weakly dispersive wave model as well as the linear and fully dispersive wave model. The area enclosed by the landslide was shown to have stronger lasting effects on the generated water waves than the exact landslide shape. In addition, the resonance solution based on the fully dispersive wave model was examined, and the growth rate was derived. For the 1DH linear shallow water equations (LSWEs) on a constant slope, a closed-form analytical solution, which could serve as a useful benchmark for numerical models, was found for a special landslide forcing function. For the two-dimensional (horizontal, 2DH) LSWEs on a plane beach, we rederived the solutions using the quiescent water initial conditions. The difference between the initial conditions used in the new solutions and those used in previous studies was found to have a permanent effect on the generated waves. We further noted that convergence rate of the 2DH LSWE analytical solutions varies greatly, and advised that case-by-case convergence tests be conducted whenever the modal analytical solutions are numerically evaluated using a finite number of modes.

Depth-integrated wave models are widely used for simulating large-scale propagation of landslide tsunamis, with the generation of tsunami being simulated separately by various generation models to provide the required initial conditions. For a given problem, the selection of a proper tsunami generation model is an important aspect for tsunami hazard analysis. The generation of tsunamis by submarine or subaerial landslides is a transient multiphase process which involves important fine-scale physics. Depth-integrated generation models, while relatively easy to use, cannot simulate these fine-scale physics. Depth-resolved generation models can overcome the shortcomings of depth-integrated generation models but are computationally demanding. This paper first reviews existing depth-integrated generation models to show the need for depth-resolved generation models. Four classes of depth-resolved generation models are reviewed: computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models, approaches coupling CFD and discrete element method, multiphase flow models, and meshless particle models. Multiphase flow models, which are relatively new, can consider complex interactions between landslide materials and its surrounding fluids. Meshless particle models are appealing for simulating landslide tsunamis because of their convenience to deal with the violent motion of the water surface and ability to run on graphics processing units. The main strengths, weaknesses, and future research directions of the reviewed models are briefly discussed. The literature reviewed, which is by no means complete, aims to provide researchers updated and practical guidelines on numerical modeling techniques for simulating the generation process of landslide tsunamis.