The adhesion of bacteria to surfaces plays critical roles in the environment, disease, and industry. In aquatic environments, Caulobacter crescentus is one of the first colonizers of submerged surfaces. Using a micromanipulation technique, we measured the adhesion force of single C. crescentus cells attached to borosilicate substrates through their adhesive holdfast. The detachment forces measured for 14 cells ranged over 0.11 to 2.26 N, averaging 0.59 ؎ 0.62 N. Based on the calculation of stress distribution with the finite element analysis method (dividing an object into small grids and calculating relevant parameters for all of the elements), the adhesion strength between the holdfast and the substrate is >68 N͞mm 2 in the central region of contact. To our knowledge, this strength of adhesion is the strongest ever measured for biological adhesives.adhesive strength ͉ Caulobacter crescentus ͉ cell mechanics ͉ holdfast ͉ micromanipulation

A particular choice of renormalization, within the simplifications provided by the nonperturbative property of Effective Locality, leads to a completely finite, renormalized theory of QCD, in which all correlation functions can, in principle, be defined and calculated. In this Model of renormalization, only the Bundle chain-Graphs of the cluster expansion are non-zero. All Bundle graphs connecting to closed quark loops of whatever complexity, and attached to a single quark line, provided no 'self-energy' to that quark line, and hence no effective renormalization. However, the exchange of momentum between one quark line and another, involves only the cluster-expansion's chain graphs, and yields a set of contributions which can be summed and provide a finite colorcharge renormalization that can be incorporated into all other QCD processes. An application to High Energy elastic pp scattering is now underway. *

A few years ago the use of standard functional manipulations was demonstrated to imply an unexpected property satisfied by the fermionic Green's functions of QCD, and called effective locality.This feature of QCD is non-perturbative as it results from a full integration of the gluonic degrees of freedom. In this paper, at eikonal and quenching approximation at least, the relation of effective locality to dynamical chiral symmetry breaking is examined PACS numbers: 12.38.Cy

Using previously described functional techniques for some non-perturbative, gauge invariant, renormalized QCD processes, a simplified version of the amplitudes -in which forms akin to Pomerons naturally appear -provides fits to ISR and LHC-TOTEM pp elastic scattering data. Those amplitudes rely on a specific function ϕ( b) which describes the fluctuations of the transverse position of quarks inside hadrons.

About ten years ago, the use of standard functional manipulations was demonstrated to imply an unexpected property satisfied by the fermionic Green’s functions of QCD and dubbed Effective Locality. This feature of QCD is non-perturbative, as it results from a full gauge invariant integration of the gluonic degrees of freedom. In this review article, a few salient theoretical aspects and phenomenological applications of this property are summarized.

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The QCD non-perturbative property of Effective Locality whose essential meaning has been disclosed recently, is here questioned about the chiral symmetry breaking phenomenon, one of the two major issues of the non-perturbative phase of QCD. As a first attempt, quenching and the eikonal approximation are used so as to simplify calculations which are quite involved. Chiral symmetry breaking appears to be realised in close connection to the Effective Locality mass scale, µ 2 , as could be expected.

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