Die Entscheidungen Unwired Planet/Huawei (GB) und TCL/Ericsson (USA) sind für die FRAND-Lizenzierung von SEPs bemerkenswert, u.a. weil sie eine detaillierte Festlegung von FRAND-Lizenzgebühren treffen. Bemerkenswert ist aber auch ein Vergleich, da die Gerichte auf offenbar ähnlicher Faktenbasis zu unterschiedlichen Ergebnissen gelangen. Der Beitrag konzentriert sich auf einen Hauptgrund, nämlich den Umgang mit der "topdown"-bzw. Vergleichslizenzanalyse als zwei Zentralmethoden zur FRAND-Bestimmung. Er legt u.a. dar, dass die Behandlung öffentlicher Lizenzkonditionenankündigungen als bindende Zusagen eher Probleme schafft; dass FRAND-Zusagen unter Geltung von EU-Recht und in Bezug auf EU-Patente unter Berücksichtigung des EU-Rechts zu interpretieren sind; dass die beiden Gerichte das Nichtdiskriminierungserfordernis stark unterschiedlich interpretieren; und dass eine wertende Gewichtung von Vergleichslizenzen verzerrend wirken kann. Im vorliegenden Sachverhaltskontext erscheinen Vergleichslizenzen als die aussagekräftigere FRAND-Bestimmungsmethode.
As other fields of law, competition law is put to the test by new technologies in general and algorithmic market activity in particular. This article takes a holistic approach by looking at areas of law, namely financial regulation and data protection, which have already put in place rules and procedures to deal with issues arising from algorithms. Before making the bridge and assessing whether the application of regulatory tools from these areas might be fruitful for competition law as well, the article discusses some recent competition cases involving algorithmic market activity. It concludes with policy recommendations.
With the drafts of the Digital Markets Act (DMA), the Digital Services Act (DSA) and the Data Governance Act (DGA), the EU Commission presented three cornerstones of its digital regulation approach in November and December of 2020. This article looks at data transactions and focuses on four aspects which illustrate that the proposed Acts leave ample room for improvement in terms of the coherence and specificity of their respective rules: the specificity of data-related provisions; the role of FRAND in the Package context; the role of data intermediaries; and the upcoming Data Act. Beyond diagnosis, the article calls for an integrative approach and proposes improvements. It aims to spark a more intense discourse on data transactions under the Package.
With its decision in Unwired Planet (UWP) v Huawei, Birss J has not only handed down the first major ruling on SEP/FRAND issues in England but also decided a case that poses a number of key questions in this area of the law. Well aware of this, he has drafted a thorough and extensive opinion that is likely to have a considerable impact on the development of EU law and beyond.1Inter alia, the decision discusses the legal nature of an ETSI FRAND declaration; the question whether "FRAND" is a range or a single set of licensing conditions; the procedural component of FRAND; the existence of a qualified "unFRANDliness"-threshold below which competition law is not triggered; the sequencing of negotiation and litigation over FRAND licences; hard-edged vs. soft-edged discrimination; the role of "comparables" for calculating FRAND; and the anti-competitiveness of offering a mixed portfolio of SEPs and non-SEPs.
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