Introduction:The specification formalism employed in model checking is usually some flavour of temporal or process algebraic language that expresses properties of the behavioural aspects of a system. Knowledge [5] is a modality that is orthogonal to the behavioural dimension, capturing properties of information flow. Logics of knowledge have been shown to be a useful framework for the analysis of distributed algorithms and security protocols, and model checking of these logics was first mooted by Halpern and Vardi [6]. Since that time theoretical aspects of model checking the logic of knowledge and its combinations with temporal logic have been studied [8][9][10]. The system MCK introduced in this paper implements parts of this theory. The Model Checking Scenario: The typical scenario that can be analysed using the system consists of some number of agents (which might be players in a game, actors in an economic setting, or processes, programs or components in a computational setting) interacting in the context of an environment. The agents have the capacity to perform certain actions in this environment, which they choose according to their individual protocols, or sets of rules. The agents have incomplete information about the state of the system due to the fact that they are able to observe only part of the state at each instant of time.The MCK system can be used to analyse this type of setting by the use of model checking techniques. The input to the MCK system describes: (1) the environment in which the agents operate, including a formal description of agent names, states, initial states, actions and how they affect states, and fairness conditions; (2) the protocol for each of the named agents, and a description of what parts of the state can be observed by which agents; (3) a number of specification formulas to be model checked, expressing how the agents' knowledge evolves over time. Both the possible state changes selected by the environment and the agents' choices of action may be non-deterministic.The MCK system supports several different types of temporal and epistemic specifications. In the epistemic dimension, agents may use their observations in a variety of ways to determine what they know. In the observational interpretation of knowledge, agents make inferences about the actual state based just
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We report on a machine-checked verification of safety for a stateof-the-art, on-the-fly, concurrent, mark-sweep garbage collector that is designed for multi-core architectures with weak memory consistency. The proof explicitly incorporates the relaxed memory semantics of x86 multiprocessors. To our knowledge, this is the first fully machine-checked proof of safety for such a garbage collector. We couch the proof in a framework that system implementers will find appealing, with the fundamental components of the system specified in a simple and intuitive programming language. The abstract model is detailed enough for its correspondence with an assembly language implementation to be straightforward.
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