Trends of river discharges are very important in recognition of climate changes and also in water management. In last years droughts and floods are more and more frequent, therefore monitoring and investigating of hydrological situation became one of the guidance scientific approach. In analysis of mean annual discharges made in the Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia in last years, statistical significance trend was find out only by rivers of northwest alpine region. In recent research data on the low, mean and high discharges were examined. Beside mean annual discharges the indices of minimum annual discharges lasting for 1, 7 and 30 days were analysed. Five different indices were used to assess the temporal variation of flood discharges. The analysis of trends was carried out for 22 water gauging stations with sufficiently long and reliable continuous data sets and which are representatively distributed across Slovenia. The assumption of a general decrease in water quantities in the rivers was confirmed.
Gabro�šek: Merit�e odtoka na �zhodnem robu Planinskega polja, Slo�enijaPlaninsko polje je najbolj severozahodno kraško polje v nizu dinarskih polj. Je tipično pretočno-strukturno polje s kraškimi izviri na južni strani, ki napajajo vodotok Unico. Unica preko polja vijuga proti severu, kjer je glavno ponorno območje. Na poti se tok povsem približa vzhodnemu robu polja, kjer reka izgublja vodo v več ponornih območjih skozi izrazite požiralnike, nize drobnih odprtin in dobro pretrto kamnino. Za oceno odtoka so bili izmerjeni pretoki Unice gorvodno in dolvodno od teh ponornih območij. Z akustičnim Dopplerjevim merilnikom pretoka je bilo izmerjenih sedem profilov, na podlagi njih pa so bile preračunane vrednosti za posamezno ponorno območje. štiri ure trajajoče meritve so potekale v času upadanja vode po delno poplavljenem Planinskem polju. V tem času je imelo šest ponornih območij odtok v vrednosti med 1 m 3 /s in 5.6 m 3 /s. V danih hidroloških razmerah je bil skupen odtok 18 m 3 /s. Rezultati prispevajo k boljšemu razumevanju delovanja kraških polj in so pomemben vhodni podatek morebitnih hidroloških modelov. Ključne besede: polje, odtok, ponori, pretok, akustični Dopplerjev merilnik pretoka, Planinsko polje, Unica. AbstractUDC 551.435.83:556.16(497.471) Matej Blatnik, Peter Frantar, Denis Kosec & Franci Gabro�šek: Measurements of the outflow along the eastern border of Pla� ninsko Polje, Slo�eniaPlaninsko Polje is the westernmost active polje of Dinaric karst. It is a typical overflow-structural polje, with springs on the southern side feeding the superficial flow of Unica River. The river meanders over the polje towards the terminal outflow area on its northern side, where it sinks back into the aquifer through several ponors. Along the reach in proximity to the eastern border of the polje, the Unica River loses water through several outflow zones into distinct ponors and into a set of small openings and fracture zones. To estimate the outflow rate along these zones, the Unica discharge was measured upstream and downstream to the outflow zone. Seven velocity profiles were recorded with an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler and the corresponding discharges were calculated. The measurements were taken within four hours during the flow recession following a partial flooding of the Planinsko Polje. Therefore, six outflow zones were evaluated with an outflow rate ranging between 1 m 3 /s and 5.6 m 3 /s. The total loss of water along the eastern border summed up to 18 m 3 /s under the given hydrological conditions. These results give new insight into the functioning of karst poljes and provide an important input for eventual future hydrological modelling of the area.
This overview of the hydrogeographical characteristics of the Slovenian water balance 1971-2000 reviews three main water cycle elements: precipitation, evapotranspiration and runoff. Results show their spatial distribution and strong interdependency in by main river basins of Slovenia. Greatest amounts of water are in the So~a river basin and the smallest in the Slovenian part of the Mura river basin. Average yearly quantities of water in Slovenia for the period 1971-2000 are: precipitation 1579 mm, evapotranspiration 717 mm and runoff 862 mm. Compared with the water quantities data of 1961-1990 period, the precipitation is in same rank, the evapotranspiration increased and the runoff decreased. Despite being a »wet« country by world standards, available water resources in Slovenia are declining.
Klju~ne besede: telo podzemne vode, obnovljiva količina podzemne vode, razpoložljiva količina podzemne vode, količinsko stanje podzemne vode, SlovenijaKey words: groundwater body, renewable groundwater, available groundwater, groundwater quantitative status, Slovenia Izvleček V članku predstavljamo metodološki razvoj ocenjevanja količinskega stanja podzemnih voda v Sloveniji in rezultate v ocenjevalnem obdobju 2010-2013, ob upoštevanju novega referenčnega tridesetletnega vodnobilančnega obdobja 1981-2010. Količinsko stanje podzemne vode je v ocenjevalnem obdobju v vseh plitvih vodonosnikih 21 vodnih teles podzemne vode Slovenije ocenjeno s skupno oceno kot dobro, s srednjo do visoko stopnjo zaupanja. Metodologija ocenjevanja količinskega stanja podzemnih voda je razširjena z upoštevanjem procesov celotnega hidrološkega cikla in rezultatov modeliranja napajanja vodonosnikov oz. količinskega obnavljanja podzemne vode v Sloveniji. Uporabljen je koncept trajnostne rabe podzemne vode z zahtevo po dolgoročnem ohranjanju količin brez povzročanja nesprejemljivih okoljskih in drugih posledic. Zakonodajna izhodišča za ocenjevanje vplivov odvzemanja podzemne vode na obnovljive in razpoložljive količine podzemne vode uvajajo novo metodologijo, ter opuščajo zastareli rudarski koncept »računanja zalog podzemne vode«. AbstractThe improved methodological approach of the groundwater quantitative status assessment in Slovenia and the results of the assessment period 2010-2013, taking into account the new reference thirty-year period 1981-2010, are presented. Within the assessment period quantitative status in all shallow alluvial aquifers of 21 groundwater bodies in Slovenia is assessed as good, with a medium to high level of confidence. Groundwater quantitative status assessment methodology considers the processes of the whole hydrological cycle and the results of groundwater recharge modelling. The methodology incorporates the concept of sustainable groundwater use to preserve the quantities not causing environmental and other harm (unacceptable environmental and other consequences). Legislative baseline for assessing the impacts of groundwater abstraction on renewable and available quantities of groundwater introduces new methodology by abandoning obsolete mining concept of "calculation of groundwater reserves". UvodPodzemno vodo so v preteklem stoletju pogosto obravnavali in količinsko ocenjevali na način, kot so ocenjevali zaloge mineralnih surovin. Strokovne kritike takega pristopa so znane že iz prve polovice 20. stoletja (Lee, 1915; SavarenSky, 1933), ko je znameniti ruski akademik A. P. Karpinsky že leta 1931 zapisal: »Podzemna voda ni le mineralna surovina…«. Tovrstne kritike so se z različnimi predlogi dopolnitev tega pristopa nadaljevale tudi v drugi polovici preteklega stoletja (karanth, 1987;ZektSer, 2000). Kljub temu se je »rudarski pristop« računanja zalog podzemne vode v nekaterih državah srednje in južne Evrope in v republikah nekdanje Sovjetske zveze zelo uveljavil in kasneje prešel celo v zakonodajne dokumente.
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