Hyperfine interactions associated with the ' N nucleus in the diamond N-V defect have been investigated using Raman-heterodyne techniques. The measured nuclear-magnetic-resonance (NMR) and electron-nuclear-double-resonance frequencies were well accounted for by the triplet-spin Hamiltonian, where all the parameters have been fully determined. Hole-burning effects in electron paramagnetic resonance were observed and the spectral structures are found to be in good agreement with the proposed energy levels. The spin-density distribution in the complex is also discussed. The nuclear dipole moment and NMR homogeneous linewidth have been measured. Optical pumping is also shown to play an important role in determining the hyperfine-transition intensity. Interference measurements in NMR by introducing an additional rf field again indicate that population factors are responsible for the varying Raman-signal amplitudes.
We have measured the frequency of the (171)Yb(+) 12.6 GHz M(F)=0-->0 ground state hyperfine "clock" transition in buffer gas-cooled ion clouds confined in two similar, but not identical, linear Paul traps. After correction for the known differences between the two ion traps, including significantly different second-order Doppler shifts, the frequencies agree within an uncertainty of less than 2 parts in 10(13). Our best value, based on an analytic model for the second-order Doppler shift, for the frequency of the clock transition of an isolated ion at zero temperature, velocity, electric field and magnetic field, is 12642812118.466+0.002 Hz.
Raman-heterodyne-detected paramagnetic resonance has been used to study the level anticrossing in the A state of the N-V defect in diamond. The electron-paramagnetic-resonance (EPR) frequencies are well accounted for by a triplet-spin Hamiltonian. Comparison of the EPR spectra with the calculated transition dipole strengths indicates that optical pumping determines, to a large extent, the Ramanheterodyne-signal intensity. Spin alignment in the A ground state under optical pumping leads to the collapse of the EPR signal at the level anticrossing, where the population is equalized due to the mixing of the spin states. This is substantiated by transient nutation and spin-echo measurements, from which the dipole moment and dephasing time are examined. Laser detuning within the 638-nm zero-phonon line shows that the Raman signal is only detectable when the laser frequency is tuned to the low-energy part of the optical line.
We report two new applications of the Raman heterodyne detection technique. Raman heterodyne detected electron-nuclear double resonance and a double rf resonance technique are used to obtain the hyperfine structure of the nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond.
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