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■To add value to project performance and help obtain project success, a new framework for decision making in projects is

For many manufacturing companies, after-sales service is an increasingly important part of the business and is more complex than manufacturing products. Unlike products it is not possible to produce services in advance and inventory these for future consumption. Instead an unpredictable event such as a machine failure triggers a need for manufacturing of parts for replacement and allocation of resources for the service. Various aspects of after-services are discussed with regards to business model, methodology, performance metrics, service portfolio and production planning and control.

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This paper concerns real-time rendering of thin semi-transparent objects. An object in this category could be a piece of cloth, eg. a curtain. Semi-transparent objects are visualized most correctly using volume rendering techniques. In general such techniques are, however, intractable for real-time applications. Surface rendering is more efficient, but also inadequate since semi-transparent objects should have a different appearance depending on whether they are front-lit or back-lit. The back-lit side of a curtain, for example, often seems quite transparent while the front-lit side seems brighter and almost opaque. To capture such visual effects in the standard rendering pipeline, Blinn [1982] proposed an efficient local illumination model based on radiative transfer theory. He assumed media of low density, hence, his equations can render media such as clouds, smoke, and dusty surfaces. Our observation is that Chandrasekhar [1960] has derived the same equations from a different set of assumptions. This alternative derivation makes the theory useful for realistic real-time rendering of dense, but thin, semitransparent objects such as cloth. We demonstrate that application of the theory in this new area gives far better results than what is obtainable with a traditional real-time rendering scheme using a constant factor for alpha blending.