ABSTRACT. This paper examines the economic adaptations and subsistence hunting involvement of householders between the ages of 20 and 35 in the Copper Inuit community of Holman. Social, economic, and political changes throughout the Canadian Arctic have made it impossible for young adults to pursue the same mixed economic strategies as previous generations. A general decrease in subsistence hunting involvement is characteristic of the younger generation. Nevertheless, some young householders have made a conscious effort to remain active in subsistence hunting and fishing to provide for themselves and related households. Some have even increased subsistence hunting involvement as their own parents age and become increasingly infirm. Other householders are less active in hunting and fishing, but continue to view land-based harvesting as central to a sense of Inuit identity. The motivations, economic position, and family background of a sample of active and less active young adult hunters are explored in an attempt to understand the pressures experienced by young adults as they strive to make a place in a northern society radically different from that of their parents at a similar age. While the authors recognize the economic value of subsistence harvesting and the foods that result from it, we also emphasize the less easily quantified dimensions of subsistence ideology and its impact upon physical health, psychological well-being, and community integration.Key words: subsistence, harvest effort, Inuit identity, young adults, food sharing, health, self-esteem RÉSUMÉ. Cet article examine les adaptations économiques et l'activité de chasse de subsistance de chefs de ménage âgés de 20 à 35 ans, dans la communauté Copper Inuit de Holman. Les changements sociaux, économiques et politiques qui ont eu lieu dans tout l'Arctique canadien ont fait qu'il est impossible pour les jeunes adultes de poursuivre les mêmes stratégies d'économie mixte que les générations précédentes. La génération la plus jeune se caractérise par une diminution généralisée de l'activité de chasse de subsistance. Néanmoins, certains jeunes chefs de ménage ont fait un effort conscient pour poursuivre la chasse et la pêche de subsistance afin de subvenir à leurs propres besoins et à ceux de ménages apparentés. Certains consacrent même plus de temps à la chasse de subsistance à mesure que leurs propres parents vieillissent et deviennent physiquement incapables de se livrer à ces activités. D'autres chefs de ménage se consacrent maintenant moins à la chasse et à la pêche, mais continuent de considérer le prélèvement des ressources naturelles comme essentiel à l'identité inuit. On a exploré les motivations, la situation économique et les antécédents familiaux d'un échantillon de jeunes chasseurs adultes, certains plus actifs que d'autres, afin d'essayer de comprendre les pressions ressenties par les jeunes adultes alors qu'ils luttent pour se faire une place dans une société nordique radicalement différente de celle de leurs parents au même âge. Bien que l...

ABSTRACT. From June 1992 to July 1993, research on wildlife harvesting and subsistence relations was conducted among a sample of householders in the Inuit community of Holman. In an earlier paper, the authors examined the involvement of younger Inuit in subsistence hunting, noting that despite the sweeping political, social, and economic changes that have been experienced in Holman and across the Canadian North, hunting remained an important sociocultural and economic activity for some members of the sample group. This paper focuses specifically on the informal socioeconomic aspects of subsistence in Holman. Using primary data from the 1992-93 sample, we examine the range of economic mechanisms employed by Holman Inuit for the distribution of wild resources and compare the present range of such activity to that observed by Stefansson, Jenness, Rasmussen, and Damas in their work on Copper Inuit food sharing. These data indicate 1) that the sharing form most frequently cited ethnographically, obligatory seal-sharing partnerships, is more irregular than formerly; and 2) that voluntary, nonpartnershipbased sharing remains an important element in the contemporary economic system. Key words: subsistence, Copper Inuit, food sharing, distributional mechanisms RÉSUMÉ. De juin 1992 à juillet 1993, on a fait de la recherche sur les prélèvements fauniques et les rapports de subsistance parmi un échantillon de foyers dans la communauté inuit de Holman. Dans un article précédent, les auteurs étudiaient la participation de jeunes Inuit à la chasse de subsistance, notant que, malgré les changements profonds sur les plans politique, social et économique qui s'étaient produits à Holman et à travers tout le Nord canadien, la chasse restait une activité socioculturelle et économique importante pour des membres du groupe d'échantillonnage. Le présent article porte en particulier sur les aspects socio-économiques informels de la subsistance à Holman. En utilisant des données brutes provenant de l'échantillon de 1992-93, on se penche sur l'éventail des mécanismes économiques employés par les Inuit de Holman pour la distribution des ressources provenant de la nature et on compare l'éventail actuel de cette activité à celui qu'ont observé Stefansson, Jenness, Rasmussen et Damas dans leurs travaux sur le partage de la nourriture chez les Inuit du cuivre. Ces données indiquent 1) que le mode de partage le plus fréquemment cité par les ethnologues, c'est-à-dire le partenariat obligatoire du partage du phoque, est moins courant qu'auparavant; 2) que le partage volontaire, qui ne s'appuie pas sur le partenariat reste un élément majeur du système économique contemporain.Mots clés: subsistance, Inuit du cuivre, partage de la nourriture, mécanismes de distribution Traduit pour la revue Arctic par Nésida Loyer.

ABSTRACT. This paper examines the social networks of country food sharing in Ulukhaktok, Northwest Territories, Canada, in light of our current understanding of the relationship between climate change and Arctic peoples. Most recent work on the impacts of climate change on Arctic peoples has tended to focus on conceptual frameworks appropriate for this field of inquiry or to document perceived threats of climate change. This research incorporates a social network approach to document the association between different economic strategies (full-time worker, part-time worker, hunter) and categories of kin. It demonstrates that the sharing patterns of hunters favor the cultivation of ties with distant and collateral kin, while those of wage earners favor ties with parents and siblings. These different affiliations point to different vulnerabilities to change. For example, hunters pursue a strategy that provides the flexibility and connections necessary for adapting to changing environmental circumstances but increases their vulnerability to economic and political changes that restrict their ability to generate cash. Wage workers, despite a steady income, are more vulnerable to environmental change as it affects traveling conditions, potential hazards, and hunting success.Key words: Inuit, Canada, climate change, social networks, subsistence, food sharing RÉSUMÉ. Dans ce document, nous nous penchons sur les réseaux sociaux en matière de partage de la nourriture de campagne à Ulukhaktok, dans les Territoires du Nord-Ouest, au Canada et ce, à la lumière de notre compréhension actuelle de la relation qui existe entre le changement climatique et les peuples de l'Arctique. Les travaux les plus récents relatifs aux incidences du changement climatique sur les peuples de l'Arctique avaient tendance à se concentrer sur les cadres conceptuels convenant à ce domaine d'enquête ou sur les menaces perçues du changement climatique. Pour sa part, la présente recherche a recours au réseau social pour cerner le lien qui existe entre les différentes stratégies économiques (travailleur à plein temps, travailleur à temps partiel, chasseur) et les catégories de parenté. Nous démontrons que les modèles de partage des chasseurs favorisent la culture de liens avec la parenté distante et la parenté en ligne collatérale, tandis que les salariés favorisent les liens avec les parents, les frères et les soeurs. Ces affiliations différentes laissent entrevoir des vulnérabilités vis-à-vis du changement. Par exemple, les chasseurs adhèrent à une stratégie qui leur donne la souplesse et les liens nécessaires pour s'adapter aux circonstances environnementales changeantes, mais qui accroît leur vulnérabilité en matière de changements d'ordre économique et politique, changements qui restreignent leur aptitude à faire de l'argent. Pour leur part, les salariés, malgré leur revenu stable, sont plus vulnérables au changement environnemental dans la mesure où il a des incidences sur les conditions de déplacement, les risques éventuels et le succès à la chass...

We examine the cultural context of food insecurity among Inuit in Ulukhaktok, Northwest Territories, Canada. An analysis of the social network of country food exchanges among 122 households in the settlement reveals that a household's betweenness centrality-a measure of brokerage-in the country food network is predicted by the age of the household. The households of married couples were better positioned within the sharing network than were the households of single females or single males. Households with an active hunter or elder were also better positioned in the network. The households of single men and women appear to experience limited access to country food, a considerable problem given the increasing number of single-adult households over time. We conclude that the differences between how single women and single men experience constrained access to country foods may partially account for previous findings that single women in arctic settlements appear to be at particular risk for food insecurity.

This paper documents Inuvialuit traditional ecological knowledge of beluga, including ecology and behavior, hunting techniques, and food preparation under changing climatic conditions in Tuktoyaktuk, NT. Beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) is an important food source for Inuvialuit in the western Canadian Arctic, a region that is experiencing dramatic climate change. Data were collected using semi-directed interviews with 17 Inuvialuit beluga harvesters and participant observation. The research found that Inuvialuit beluga harvesters possess detailed rational knowledge of beluga, particularly regarding hunting techniques and food preparation, both which are guided by a moral code about how to behave with respect to beluga. In terms of beluga ecology and behavior, Inuvialuit knowledge is limited to anecdotal reasoning drawing on generalized observations of beluga and the accounts of others. Inuvialuit are experiencing the effects of climate change, but seem to be coping thus far in the context of beluga harvesting but ongoing change in the region may increase the risks associated with hunting and preparing beluga in the future.Key words: Arctic, climate change, traditional ecological knowledge, Indigenous, co-management.Résumé : Cet article documente les connaissances écologiques traditionnelles des Inuvialuit au sujet des bélugas, y compris l'écologie et le comportement, les techniques de chasse et la préparation alimentaire dans un contexte de changement des conditions climatiques à Tuktoyaktuk, T.N.-O. Les bélugas (Delphinapterus leucas) sont une importante source alimentaire des Inuvialuit dans l'ouest de l'Arctique canadien, une région qui subit des changements climatiques sérieux. Les données ont été recueillies au moyen d'entrevues semi-dirigées avec 17 chasseurs de bélugas Inuvialuit et en observant les participants. Les recherches ont permis de constater que les chasseurs de bélugas Inuvialuit possèdent des connaissances rationnelles détaillées des bélugas, particulièrement quant aux techniques de chasse et de la préparation alimentaire, lesquelles sont régies par un code moral du comportement à adopter en ce qui concerne les bélugas. En matière d'écologie des bélugas et de Pagination not final (cite DOI) / Pagination provisoire (citer le DOI)

Structured interviews with 38 Inuit in the community of Holman were conducted to examine Inuit definitions of successful and unsuccessful aging. Qualitative analysis of the interview data suggests that (1) contrary to much of the literature about culture change in the Canadian North, there appear to be no perceivable differences in the ways Inuit of different age cohorts view aging and elderhood; (2) a successful old age is not one necessarily characterized by individual good health, but rather by the ability of the individual to successfully manage declining health; and (3) for Inuit, the most important determinants of a successful elderhood are not material but ideological. That is, an individual's attitudes in late life, and in particular their willingness to transmit their accumulated wisdom and knowledge to their juniors, are the critical determinants of whether an elder is viewed as having a successful old age.

Current understanding of climate change impacts, adaptation and vulnerability among Inuit in the Arctic is relatively static, rooted in the community and time that case studies were conducted. This paper captures the dynamism of Inuit–climate relationships by applying a longitudinal approach to assessing vulnerability to climate change among Inuit in Ulukhaktok, Northwest Territories, Canada. Data were collected in 2005 and 2016 following a consistent methodology and analytical framework. Findings from the studies are analysed comparatively together with longitudinal datasets. The data reveal that many of the climatic changes recorded in 2005 that adversely affected hunting activities have been observed to be persisting or progressing, such as decreasing sea ice thickness and extent, and stronger and more consistent summer winds. Inuit are responding by altering travel routes and equipment, taking greater pre-trip precautions, and concentrating their efforts on more efficient and accessible hunts. Increasing living and subsistence costs and time-constraints, changes in the generation and transmission of environmental knowledge and land skills, and the concentration of country food sharing networks were identified as key constraints to adaptation. The findings indicate that the connections between subsistence activities and the wage economy are central to understanding how Inuit experience and respond to climate change.

Participant observation is the basic and defining research strategy for cultural anthropologists, a useful tool for building rapport, establishing trust, and gaining an understanding of culture as experienced by its members. This article uses the author's experience working in an Inuit community in Canada to explore another use of participant observation: the acquisition of communicative competence. In small, bounded communities such as those in the Canadian Arctic, the development and display of cultural and communicative competence is necessary to overcome apathy and sometimes hostility toward researchers. Furthermore, establishment of these abilities allows for the use of phased assertion as an interview probe. Phased assertion works not only as a data collection technique, it reinforces communicative competence and improves informant rapport.