Background-The aim of this study was to assess the level of urinary albumin excretion (microalbuminuria), which is associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease and death, in the population. Microalbuminuria has been suggested as an atherosclerotic risk factor. However, the lower cutoff level of urinary albumin excretion is unknown. It is also unknown whether impaired renal function confounds the association. Methods and Results-In the Third Copenhagen City Heart Study in 1992 to 1994, 2762 men and women 30 to 70 years of age underwent a detailed cardiovascular investigation program, including a timed overnight urine sample. The participants were then followed up prospectively by registers until 1999 with respect to coronary heart disease and until 2001 with respect to death. During follow-up, 109 incident cases of coronary heart disease and 276 deaths were traced. A urinary albumin excretion above the upper quartile, ie, 4.8 g/min, was associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease (RR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.4 to 3.0; PϽ0.001) and death (RR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.5 to 2.4; PϽ0.001) independently of age, sex, renal creatinine clearance, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and plasma lipids. Lower levels of urinary albumin excretion were not associated with increased risk. Conclusions-Microalbuminuria, defined as urinary albumin excretion Ͼ4.8 g/min (corresponding to Ϸ6.4 g/min during daytime), is a strong and independent determinant of coronary heart disease and death. Our suggestion is to redefine microalbuminuria accordingly and perform intervention studies.
The term supercurrent relates to a macroscopic dissipation-free collective motion of a quantum condensate and is commonly associated with such famous low-temperature phenomena as superconductivity and superfluidity. Another type of motion of quantum condensates is second sound-a wave of the density of a condensate. Recently, we reported on an enhanced decay of a parametrically induced Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) of magnons caused by a supercurrent outflow of the BEC phase from the locally heated area of a room temperature magnetic film. Here, we present the direct experimental observation of a long-distance spin transport in such a system. The condensed magnons being pushed out from the potential well within the heated area form a density wave, which propagates through the BEC many hundreds of micrometers in the form of a specific second sound pulse-Bogoliubov waves-and is reflected from the sample edge. The discovery of the long distance supercurrent transport in the magnon BEC further advances the frontier of the physics of quasiparticles and allows for the application of related transport phenomena for low-loss data transfer in perspective magnon spintronics devices.Supercurrent is a macroscopic quantum phenomenon when many bosons (real-or quasiparticles) being selfassembled in one quantum state with minimum energy and zero velocity-a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC)[1-11]-move as a whole due to a phase gradient imposed on their joint wave function. This phenomenon being mostly associated with resistant-free electric currents of Cooper pairs [12] in superconductors and superfluidity of liquid Helium [13-17] is, however, much more widespread [18][19][20]. It is experimentally confirmed in the quantum condensates of diluted ultracold gases [21,22], of nuclear magnons in liquid 3 He [23-25], of polaritons in semiconductor microcavities [26] and, recently, of electron magnons in room-temperature ferrimagnetic films [27]. Supercurrents being topologically confined often manifest themselves in a form of quantum vortices [21,28,29].The quantum condensate supports another form of motion-second sound [15,30]. Second sound can be considered as elementary excitations of various types, which can propagate in continuous media with an almost linear dispersion law in the long-wavelength limit. The term second sound stems from an analogy with the ordinary sound waves or first sound-the wave oscillations of media density and mechanical momentum. The most well-known example of second sound is anti-phase oscillations of the densities ρ n and ρ s of the normal-fluid and superfluid components of superfluid 4 He, in which the total density ρ = ρ n + ρ s does not oscillate [15]. These oscillations can be associated with temperature waves, because the ratio ρ n /ρ s strongly depends on the local temperature, while ρ in 4 He is practically temperature independent. Some solid dielectrics represent another system type which supports the propagation of temperature waves at low temperatures [31][32][33][34]. In this case, the second soun...
Clinically healthy subjects were selected: 19 with UAE >90th percentile in the background population (6.6 microgram/min
Plasma concentration of sICAM-1 is elevated in Type 1 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria and the concentrations of sICAM-1 as well as sVCAM-1 are elevated in patients with macroalbuminuria and normal s-creatinine. The elevated plasma concentrations of these soluble adhesion molecule concentrations in patients with renal complication can be of pathogenetic importance for the development of atherosclerosis and plasma soluble adhesion molecule concentrations may provide additional information on cardiovascular risk.
To identify the vectors of bluetongue virus (BTV) in Germany, we monitored Culicoides spp. biting midges during April 2007–May 2008. Molecular characterization of batches of midges that tested positive for BTV suggests C. obsoletus sensu stricto as a relevant vector of bluetongue disease in central Europe.
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