La discussion sur la déformation crânienne artificielle observée au Proche Orient au Néolithique, amorcée par Lambert à partir de six crânes trouvés sur le site de Ganj Dareh (Iran) est reprise ici. Lambert considérait, pour la région, ces crânes comme étant les plus anciens ayant pu être affectés par une pareille altération. Le matériel de Ganj Dareh réétudié est confronté aux conclusions obtenues à partir de matériel trouvé sur trois autres sites : la grotte de Shanidar en Iraq, tepe Ghenil en Iran et Bouqras en Syrie. La présence des différents traits indique le port très répandu d'une sorte de serre-tête de forme encore indéfinissable qui aurait entraîné des modifications de la forme du crâne. Cependant, contrairement à certains exemples de déformation plus récents, il n'y aurait pas de lien évident entre ces modifications et le sexe ou la position sociale des individus. Les résultats obtenus sont comparés à ceux déjà publiés sur la morphologie crânienne et les traitements de crânes néolithiques au Proche-Orient.
Recent excavations at the lute Neolithic site of Tell Saht Ahvml in northern Svnn /une \ichletl hundreds of cla\ sealings in well-defined contexts. It is argued that these settlings facilitated the communal storage tit the site of all kinds t>f products tmtl claims h\ n nomadic ptipulatitm of considerable .si:c. In this respect, the settlings are indicative of the s\mhiosis hci\\ccn the sctlenltin tint! nomadic populations in the Late Ncolillm Résumé : It's fouilles récentes sur le .site néolithique ret fin tie Teil Saht Ahvtitl. Svrie du nord, ont revele tics centaines tic siellcmcnts en argile. Nous argumentons que tes scellements ont facilite n Saht Ah\iitl le stut (âge t oinmunal par une population nomade très étendue île toute sorte de produits et île créances. Aussi considérons nous t/i«' les scellements sont les témoins tie la symbiose entre les populations sédentaires et nomades du Néolithique Récent.
Tell Bouqras is situated in eastern Syria, on the right bank of the Euphrates, c. 35 km south-east of Deir ez-Zor (35°05′ 12″N, 40°23′ 50″E). The ‘neolithic’ village was built on a promontory of the plateau area overlooking the Euphrates floodplain, just opposite the mouth of the Khabur (fig. 1). H. de Contenson and W.J. van Liere (1966) conducted a trial excavation at the tell in 1965. Their results showed that the ‘hunter-shepherd society’ of Bouqras (van Liere and de Contenson 1963; Hooijer 1966) dated from the second half of the seventh millennium bc (Vogel and Waterbolk 1967).Before this period villages with an economy based on agriculture and animal husbandry mainly occupied the mountainous areas bordering the ‘fertile crescent’. During the second half of the seventh and the first part of the sixth millennia be the spread of such villages can be observed outside of the areas formerly occupied. The chronological and geographical position of Bouqras makes the site particularly suited to be investigated as an example of the sedentary communities which started to settle the more downstream Euphrates and Tigris drainage basins in the lowlands of eastern Syria and Iraq, beyond the regions where rainfall-fed farming would have been possible. Furthermore, the location of Bouqras at similar distances, as the crow flies, from Pre-Pottery Neolithic sites in western and northern Syria and early sixth millennium settlements in northern Iraq, would give the opportunity to trace contacts between these separate regions.With these objectives a team from the Universities of Amsterdam and Groningen, directed by Prof Dr H. T. Waterbolk and Prof Dr M. N. van Loon, undertook new excavations at Bouqras from 1976 to 1978. Financial support was obtained from the Netherlands Organization for the Advancement of Pure Research, the A. E. vanGiffen Instituut voor Prae- en Protohistorie in Amsterdam and the Biologisch-Archaeologisch Instituut in Groningen. We express our gratitude to Dr A. Bahnassi and Dr A. Bounni of the General Directorate of Antiquities and Museums in Damascus, for granting the excavation and survey permits and for their interest in our work. Mr A. Mahmoud of the Museum of Deir ez-Zor was very helpful during our stay in the field.
A series of plaster samples from sites in the Balikh Valley and the Khabour have been analyzed for composition determination. The samples were collected from various architectural features (walls, pits, floors, etc.) representative of different periods. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that all samples from neolithic contexts mainly consist of gypsum, whereas later samples contain lime, gypsum, or a combination of both. The results seem to be indicative of an increase towards greater diversification in the production and application of plaster. There is a possibility that this differentiation may proceed from the relative proximity of raw materials as well as from functional considerations.
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