BackgroundGraphic health warnings on tobacco packaging and the plain packaging of tobacco products are key tobacco control interventions. This systematic review investigates the perceptions of adolescents towards these packaging interventions.MethodsPublished, original-research, English-language articles from 1 January 2000 to 1 September 2017 were identified through a systematic literature search of the PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. Articles describing investigations into the perceptions of adolescents aged 11 to 19 years towards graphic health warnings and/or plain-packaged cigarettes were included in this review.ResultsNineteen articles, involving 15,935 adolescent participants, of which 72.85% were non-smokers or ex-smokers and 27.15% occasional or daily smokers, met the eligibility criteria. Graphic health warnings were perceived as more effective than text-only warnings, with warnings depicting lung cancer, and oral diseases being perceived as particularly effective. Health warnings increased viewer fear, anxiety, shock, and guilt and were considered effective in preventing non-smokers from experimenting with tobacco and prompting current smokers to quit. Plain packaging reduced the attractiveness and other positive attributes of cigarette packaging, with darker colours found to be the most effective. When used in combination, plain packaging increased the visibility of graphic health warnings, with participants also perceiving them as having an increased tar content and having more serious health risks, and increased thoughts of quitting amongst smokers.ConclusionsGraphic health warnings and plain packaging appear to increase adolescent awareness of the dangers of tobacco use. Further research into the most effective warnings to use in combination with plain packaging is needed to ensure the greatest reduction in tobacco use and prevent tobacco-attributable morbidity and mortality in this vulnerable population.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13643-018-0933-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Medical programs are under pressure to maintain currency with scientific and technical advances, as well as prepare graduates for clinical work and a wide range of postgraduate careers. The value of the basic sciences in primary medical education was assessed by exploring the perceived clinical relevance and test performance trends among medical students, interns, residents, and experienced clinicians. A pilot study conducted in 2014 involved administration of a voluntary 60-item multiple-choice question test to 225 medical students and 4 interns. These participants and 26 teaching clinicians rated the items for clinical relevance. In 2016, a similarly constructed test (main study) was made a mandatory formative assessment, attempted by 563 students in years 2, 4, and 6 and by 120 commencing general practice residents. Test scores, performance trends, clinical relevance ratings, and correlations were assessed using relevant parametric and nonparametric tests. Rank order and pass-fail decisions were also reviewed. The mean test scores were 57% (SD 7.1) and 52% (SD 6.1) for the pilot and main studies, respectively. Highest scores were observed in pathology and social sciences. Overall performance increased with increasing year of study. Test scores were positively correlated with perceived relevance. There were moderate correlations ( r = 0.50–0.63; P < 0.001) between participants’ scores in the basic science and summative exams. Assessments may be key to fostering relevance and integration of the basic sciences. Benchmarking knowledge retention and result comparisons across topics are useful in program evaluation.

INTRODUCTIONInnovations in tobacco control interventions are required to ensure continued reductions in global tobacco use, and to minimise attributable morbidity and mortality. We therefore aimed to investigate the perceived effectiveness of current cigarette packaging warnings and the potential effectiveness of cigarette-stick warnings across four countries.METHODSAn online survey was distributed to adult smokers in Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Participants rated (using a 5-point Likert scale) and commented on the effectiveness of current cigarette packaging warnings and text warnings on eight cigarette sticks that prompted smokers to quit. Ratings were analysed using proportional odds logistic regression, and comments were analysed using content analysis.RESULTSParticipants (N=678, mean age=44.3 years) from all four countries perceived cigarette packaging warnings as being minimally effective in prompting smokers to quit, citing desensitisation and irrelevance of the warnings, with US participants particularly critical of the text-only warnings. Compared to packaging warnings, the cigarette-stick warnings describing the financial costs of smoking and the effect of smoking on others, were the highest rated in all four countries (OR=3.42, 95% CI: 2.75–4.25, p<0.001 and OR=2.85, 95% CI: 2.29–3.55, p<0.001, respectively) and cited as strong messages to reduce smoking. Half of the participants either ‘agreed’ or ‘strongly agreed’ to the use of cigarette-stick warnings.CONCLUSIONSThe findings of this study suggest that cigarette packaging warnings may experience a loss of effectiveness over time, eventually resulting in minimal impact on smoker behaviour. Health and non-health focused warnings and messages on individual cigarette sticks represent a novel and potentially effective method for reducing tobacco use. This would complement tobacco control interventions currently employed, resulting in public health benefits.

Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCEs) have been used globally in evaluating clinical competence in the education of health professionals. Despite the objective intent of OSCEs, scoring methods used by examiners have been a potential source of measurement error affecting the precision with which test scores are determined. In this study, we investigated the differences in the inter-rater reliabilities of objective checklist and subjective global rating scores of examiners (who were exposed to an online training program to standardise scoring techniques) across two medical schools. Examiners’ perceptions of the e-scoring program were also investigated. Two Australian universities shared three OSCE stations in their end-of-year undergraduate medical OSCEs. The scenarios were video-taped and used for on-line examiner training prior to actual exams. Examiner ratings of performance at both sites were analysed using generalisability theory. A single facet, all random persons by raters design [PxR] was used to measure inter-rater reliability for each station, separate for checklist scores and global ratings. The resulting variance components were pooled across stations and examination sites. Decision studies were used to measure reliability estimates. There was no significant mean score difference between examination sites. Variation in examinee ability accounted for 68.3% of the total variance in checklist scores and 90.2% in global ratings. Rater contribution was 1.4% & 0% of the total variance in checklist score and global rating respectively, reflecting high inter-rater reliability of the scores provided by co-examiners across the two schools. Score variance due to interaction and residual error was larger for checklist scores (30.3% vs 9.7%) than for global ratings. Reproducibility coefficients for global ratings were higher than for checklist scores. Survey results showed that the e-scoring package facilitated consensus on scoring techniques. This approach to examiner training also allowed examiners to calibrate the OSCEs in their own time. This study revealed that inter-rater reliability was higher for global ratings than for checklist scores, thus providing further evidence for the reliability of subjective examiner ratings