If correctable pathology is detected in patients with early fistula failure, the incidence of correctable lesions is relatively high and an aggressive therapeutic approach can be expected to have a high yield.

The BRAVO-II study was a randomized controlled study of endovascular radiation therapy as compared to sham radiation therapy, following angioplasty of a thrombosed PRFE graft. The results did not show a benefit of endovascular radiation therapy, albeit in the context of an early termination of the study at less than 50% enrollment due to business reasons. Emphasis is laid on the fact that there may still be a role for radiation therapy in specific clinical settings associated with dialysis vascular access dysfunction.

A new computed tomographic and sonographic appearance of renal metastatic melanoma is described. Bilateral cystic masses with thick walls, many with mural nodules, were noted. Sonography also demonstrated complex echopenic masses with irregularly thickened walls and mural nodules.