Cancer is one of the leading public health issues worldwide, and the number of cancer patients increases every day. Particularly, cervical cancer (CC) is still the second leading cause of cancer death in women from developing countries. Thus, it is essential to deepen our knowledge about the molecular pathogenesis of CC and propose new therapeutic targets and new methods to diagnose this disease in its early stages. Differential expression analysis using high-throughput techniques applied to biological samples allows determining the physiological state of normal cells and the changes produced by cancer development. The cluster of differential molecular profiles in the genome, the transcriptome, or the proteome is analyzed in the disease, and it is called the molecular signature of cancer. Proteomic analysis of biological samples of patients with different grades of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and CC has served to elucidate the pathways involved in the development and progression of cancer and identify cervical proteins associated with CC. However, several cervical carcinogenesis mechanisms are still unclear. Detecting pathologies in their earliest stages can significantly improve a patient’s survival rate, prognosis, and recurrence. The present review is an update on the proteomic study of CC.

Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide. Multiple extrinsic and intrinsic factors are associated with this disease’s development. Various research groups worldwide have reported the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in samples of malignant breast tumors. Although its role in mammary carcinogenesis is not fully understood, it is known that the HPV genome, once inserted into host cells, has oncogenic capabilities. The present study aimed to detect the presence of HPV DNA in 116 breast tissue biopsies and classify them according to their histology. It was found that 50.9% of the breast biopsies analyzed were malignant neoplasms, of which 74.6% were histologically classified as infiltrating ductal carcinoma. In biopsies with non-malignant breast disease, fibroadenoma was the most common benign neoplasm (39.1%). Detection of HPV DNA was performed through nested PCR using the external primer MY09/11 and the internal primer GP5+/6+. A hybridization assay genotyped HPV. HPV DNA was identified in 20.3% (12/59) of malignant neoplasms and 35% non-malignant breast disease (16/46). It was also detected in 27.3% (3/11) of breast tissue biopsies without alteration. However, there are no statistically significant differences between these groups and the existence of HPV DNA (p = 0.2521). Its presence was more frequent in non-malignant alterations than in malignant neoplasias. The most frequent genotypes in the HPV-positive samples were low-risk (LR) HPV-42 followed by high-risk (HR) HPV-31.

Caracterización química de extracto alcohólico de hoja de guayaba (Psidium guajava) y su efecto como inhibidor de movilidad para Escherichia coli O157:H7

In addition to being biological barriers where the internalization or release of biomolecules is decided, cell membranes are contact structures between the interior and exterior of the cell. Here, the processes of cell signaling mediated by receptors, ions, hormones, cytokines, enzymes, growth factors, extracellular matrix (ECM), and vesicles begin. They triggering several responses from the cell membrane that include rearranging its components according to the immediate needs of the cell, for example, in the membrane of platelets, the formation of filopodia and lamellipodia as a tissue repair response. In cancer, the cancer cells must adapt to the new tumor microenvironment (TME) and acquire capacities in the cell membrane to transform their shape, such as in the case of epithelial−mesenchymal transition (EMT) in the metastatic process. The cancer cells must also attract allies in this challenging process, such as platelets, fibroblasts associated with cancer (CAF), stromal cells, adipocytes, and the extracellular matrix itself, which limits tumor growth. The platelets are enucleated cells with fairly interesting growth factors, proangiogenic factors, cytokines, mRNA, and proteins, which support the development of a tumor microenvironment and support the metastatic process. This review will discuss the different actions that platelet membranes and cancer cell membranes carry out during their relationship in the tumor microenvironment and metastasis.

The objective was to evaluate the effect of oregano extracts on ruminal fermentation in vitro in the production of gas, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and methane. Four preparations of oregano (Lippia graveolens) were obtained with different methodology; for an aqueous medium, were obtained two extracts (cooking and infusion), which were prepared with triple-destilled water. The alcoholic extract was prepared in ethanol: water (80:20, v/v) and finally the oily extract was obtained by hydrodistillation for one hour in a modified Clevenger equipment. The oregano extract with the best mitigation of methane was the oil extract by reducing the concentration of this gas three times with respect to the control 160.27 mM/L and 463.73 mM/L respectively. It can be concluded that according to the methodology used in the preparation of oregano extracts, it is the type of chemical structure and concentration of active ingredients that were found in each extract, so these differences are what marked the effects during the in vitro ruminal fermentation on the activity of ruminal microorganisms in the production of gas, VFA and methane.Volatile Fatty Acid, Extracts, Fermentation ruminal and Methane. RESUMEN El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de extractos de orégano sobre la fermentación ruminal in vitro en la producción de gas, ácidos grasos volátiles (AGVs) y metano. Se realizaron cuatro preparaciones de orégano (Lippia graveolens) con diferente metodología; para un medio acuoso, se obtuvieron dos extractos (cocción e infusión), los cuales fueron preparados con agua tridestilada. El extracto alcohólico, fue preparado en etanol: agua (80:20, v/v) y finalmente el extracto oleoso se obtuvo por hidrodestilación durante una hora en un equipo clevenger modificado. El extracto de orégano con mejor mitigación de metano fue el oleoso al reducir tres veces la concentración de este gas con respecto al control; 160.27 mM/L y 463.73 mM/L respectivamente. Se puede concluir que, de acuerdo a la metodología empleada en la preparación de los extractos de orégano, es el tipo de estructura química y concentración de principios activos que se encontraron en cada extracto, por lo que, estas diferencias son las que marcaron los efectos durante la fermentación ruminal in vitro sobre la actividad de microorganismos ruminales en la producción de gas, AGVs y metano.Ácidos Grasos Volátiles, Extractos, Fermentación ruminal y Metano.

Modificación de la fermentación ruminal in vitro para mitigación de metano mediante la adición de aceites esenciales de plantas y compuestos terpenoides

<p><strong>Background: </strong>The essential oils of plants and active principles (terpenoids) have antimicrobial effect, since they interact directly with the bacterial membrane causing the leakage of ions and other cytoplasmic compounds, as well as inhibiting the development of mobility and adhesion structures (flagella and fimbriae) in bacteria. <strong>Objective:</strong> To determine the inhibition of mobility in bacteria from terpenoid compounds and essential oils of plants. <strong>Methodology:</strong> The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation of the plants <em>Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Syzygium aromaticum, Eucalyptus</em> spp, <em>Mentha spicata, Origanum vulgare</em> and <em>Salvia rosmarinus</em>. The terpenoids: carvacrol, limonene, linalol, terpinene and thymol were identified by gas chromatography. Inhibition of mobility was evaluated in SIM medium. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and main components (PC), from these data they were graphically contrasted to group the treatments that were able to inhibit mobility. <strong>Results:</strong> The bacteria in order of sensitivity affected by each of the terpenoids and essential oils of plants were <em>Clostridium </em>spp, with 76.2%; <em>E. coli</em> (71.45%) and <em>Salmonella</em> spp (57.1%), so the <em>Pseudomona</em> spp bacteria was the most resistant, presenting a total inhibition percentage of 47.6%. Carvacrol acted as an inhibitor at a concentration of 0.75 mg mL^-1 in <em>Clostridium</em> spp and <em>E. coli</em>. Limonene, linalol and thymol, affected mobility in concentrations 0.05, 0.15, 0.75 mg mL^-1, on <em>Clostridium</em> spp, <em>E. coli</em> and <em>Salmonella </em>spp. The CP analysis showed the highest correlation of 0.9956 for <em>Pseudomona</em> spp. <strong>Implications:</strong> The terpeniod compounds and essential oils of plants are an alternative for the synthesis of antibacterial active principles. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> The inhibition of mobility in <em>Clostridium </em>spp, <em>Escherichia coli</em>, <em>Salmonella</em> spp and <em>Pseudomona</em> spp was presented at a concentration of 0.75 mg mL^-1 for the terpenoid compounds limonene, linalol and thymol, as well as in the essential oils of peppermint and oregano.</p>

El objetivo fue obtener y caracterizar los extractos de Larrea tridentata, Origanum vulgare, Artemisa ludoviciana y Ruta graveolens para utilizarlos en la digestibilidad ruminal in vitro y cuantificar su producción de gas, ácidos grasos volátiles y de metano. Se determinó la composición química de los extractos por cromatografía de gases y para la producción de gas in vitro se utilizó fluido ruminal. La determinación de ácidos grasos volátiles se efectuó por cromatografía de gases. El metano se infirió con la concentración de ácidos grasos volátiles. Para la composición química se identificaron en los extractos los compuestos: terpineno, limoneno, linalool, timol y carvacrol. En la digestibilidad el que menor concentración de gas produjo a un volumen de 100 µL de extracto fue L. tridentata y el metano se reporta 1.4 veces más que el control de alfalfa (0.514 mL g -1 ). Para la concentración de 330 µL del extracto O. vulgaris, presentó inhibición de metano con respecto al control de alfalfa. Se concluye que el extracto cuatro de O. vulgaris fue el que presentó una mejor digestibilidad con respecto a la producción de gas, AGV (ácidos grasos volátiles) y menor concentración de metano con respecto al control. Palabras clave: extractos de plantas, Ácidos grasos volátiles y Metano.ABSTRACT The objective was to obtain and characterize plant extracts of Larrea tridentata, Origanum vulgare, Artemisa ludoviciana and Ruta graveolens to be used in ruminal digestibility in vitro and to quantify the production of gas, volatile fatty acids and of methane. The chemical composition of the extracts was determinate by gas chromatography. Ruminal fluid was estimated according to Theodorou methodology for in vitro gas production. The determination of volatile fatty acids was carried out by gas chromatography. Methane was inferred from the concentration of volatile fatty acids. For the chemical composition, the following compounds was identified in the extracts: terpinene, limonene, linalool, thymol and carvacrol. In the digestibility that less gas produced at a volume of 100 μL of extract was L. tridentata and methane is reported 1.4 times more than the standard of alfalfa (0.514 mL g -1 ). For the concentration of 330 μL of the extract O. vulgaris was present inhibition of methane with respect to the control of alfalfa. This concluded that the extract four of O. vulgaris was the one that presented a better digestibility with respect to gas production, AGV and lower concentration of methane with respect to the control.