Artículo de publicación IS

Objectives To explore the capability of very high‐frequency ultrasound (US; 50–71 MHz) to detect the normal morphologic characteristics of the hair follicles and tracts, sebaceous glands, Montgomery glands, apocrine glands, and arrector pili muscles. Methods A retrospective study, approved by the Institutional Review Board, evaluated the normal US morphologic characteristics of the hair and adnexal structures in a database of very high‐frequency US images extracted from the perilesional or contralateral healthy skin of 1117 consecutive patients who underwent US examinations for localized lesions of the skin and 10 healthy individuals from December 2017 to June 2018. These images were matched with their counterparts from the database of normal histologic images according to the corporal region. The Cohen concordance test and regional mean diameters of the hair follicles and adnexal structures were analyzed. Results The normal hair follicles and tracts, sebaceous glands, Montgomery glands, apocrine glands, and arrector pili muscles were observed on US images and matched their histological counterparts in all the corporal regions. There was significant US concordance (κ = 0.82; P = .0001) among observers. Regional mean diameters (millimeters) of the hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and apocrine glands are provided. Conclusions The hair follicles and tracts, sebaceous glands, Montgomery glands, apocrine glands, and arrector pili muscles are detectable with very high‐frequency US, including some regional and anatomic variants. Knowledge of their normal US appearances is a requisite for detecting subclinical changes, understanding the physiopathologic characteristics, and supporting the early diagnosis and management of common dermatologic diseases.

Objectives-To test the capability of 70-MHz ultrasound for detecting initial ultrasound signs of hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) linked to severity.Methods-A cross-sectional study of the ultrasound images of patients with HS was conducted and compared with a healthy control group. Detection and identification of early subclinical ultrasound signs in the lesional and perilesional areas of the HS cases in comparison with the control group were performed. Statistical analyses included mean, dispersion measures, the Kruskal-Wallis test, and bivariate and multivariate ordered logistic regression studies. Significance was assessed at P < .05.Results-A total of 139 patients with HS met the criteria and showed abnormalities of the hair follicles such as a curved shape, ballooning, and protrusion into pseudocysts, collections, or tunnels (donor of keratin sign). Significant increases in the sizes of the hair follicles and hair shafts were found in HS cases. The following ultrasound signs were significantly linked to severity: a connecting band between the base of adjacent hair follicles (bridge sign), a fragment of the hair shaft extruding through a dilated hair follicle (sword sign), and retained cylindrical fragments of keratin in the dermis. Two patterns of fragmentation of the keratin were detected: multifragment and cylindrical.Conclusions-Ultrasound can detect early HS signs that are significantly linked to severity and 2 types of fragmentation of the keratin, which could support the generation and perpetuation of the fluid collections and tunnels. These ultrasound signs can help prompt diagnosis and management, the development and testing of medications, and the measure of treatment outcomes in HS.

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Artículo de publicación ISIBackground A new pattern of ingrown nail, called retronychia is involved in the posterior translation of the whole nail unit producing paronychia. Objective To demonstrate an unusual case of paronychia that affected three of the fingers on the right hand. Methods We used 3D ultrasound to study the whole nail unit in the fingers of both the affected (right) and non affected (left) hand. Results Backward motion of the nail unit with decreased distance between the origin of the nail plates and the distal interphalangeal joint was clearly demonstrated by 3D ultrasound in the affected fingers. Conclusion 3D ultrasound provides non invasive and more understandable information about the physiopathological changes in retronychia

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High-resolution color Doppler ultrasound is a reliable noninvasive technique for CPLA diagnosis. It allows direct visualization of this vascular variant in real time without the use of an intravenous contrast agent. It may avoid surgical complications and help in the differential diagnosis. Newer high-resolution equipment allows a clear definition of the cutaneous and muscular layers, as well as the vascularity of the lips.

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