The therapeutic potential of cannabidiol (CBD), the major nonpsychoactive component of cannabis, was explored in murine collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). CIA was elicited by immunizing DBA͞1 mice with type II collagen (CII) in complete Freund's adjuvant. The CII used was either bovine or murine, resulting in classical acute CIA or in chronic relapsing CIA, respectively. CBD was administered after onset of clinical symptoms, and in both models of arthritis the treatment effectively blocked progression of arthritis. CBD was equally effective when administered i.p. or orally. The dose dependency showed a bell-shaped curve, with an optimal effect at 5 mg͞kg per day i.p. or 25 mg͞kg per day orally. Clinical improvement was associated with protection of the joints against severe damage. Ex vivo, draining lymph node cells from CBD-treated mice showed a diminished CII-specific proliferation and IFN-␥ production, as well as a decreased release of tumor necrosis factor by knee synovial cells. In vitro effects of CBD included a dose-dependent suppression of lymphocyte proliferation, both mitogen-stimulated and antigen-specific, and the blockade of the Zymosan-triggered reactive oxygen burst by peritoneal granulocytes. It also was found that CBD administration was capable of blocking the lipopolysaccharide-induced rise in serum tumor necrosis factor in C57͞BL mice. Taken together, these data show that CBD, through its combined immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory actions, has a potent anti-arthritic effect in CIA.
Objective. To explore the antiarthritic potential of a novel synthetic cannabinoid acid, Hebrew University-320 (HU-320), in the DBA/1 mouse model of arthritis, and to investigate in vitro antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive effects of HU-320 on macrophages and lymphocytes.Methods. DBA/1 mice were immunized with bovine type II collagen (CII) to induce arthritis and then injected intraperitoneally daily with HU-320. The effects of treatment on arthritic changes in hind feet were assessed clinically and histologically, and draining lymph node responses to CII were assayed. Murine splenic and human blood lymphocytes were cultured to study the effect of HU-320 on polyclonal mitogenic stimulation. Macrophage cultures were set up to evaluate in vitro effects of HU-320 on production of tumor necrosis factor ␣ (TNF␣) and reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs). The effect of HU-320 administration on lipopolysaccharide-induced serum TNF levels was assayed using C57BL/6 mice. Bioactive TNF production was measured using BALB/c clone 7 target cells. Evaluation of HU-320 psychoactivity was performed using established laboratory tests on Sabra mice.Results. Systemic daily administration of 1 and 2 mg/kg HU-320 ameliorated established CII-induced arthritis. Hind foot joints of treated mice were protected from pathologic damage. CII-specific and polyclonal responses of murine and human lymphocytes were down-modulated. HU-320 inhibited production of TNF from mouse macrophages and of ROIs from RAW 264.7 cells and suppressed the rise in serum TNF level following endotoxin challenge. HU-320 administration yielded no adverse psychotropic effects in mice.Conclusion. Our studies show that the novel synthetic cannabinoid acid HU-320 has strong antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive properties while demonstrating no psychoactive effects. The profound suppressive effects on cellular immune responses and on the production of proinflammatory mediators all indicate its usefulness as a novel nonpsychoactive, synthetic antiinflammatory product.
Objective. To assess the role of the activating receptor NKG2D in arthritis.Methods. Levels of NKG2D and its ligands were determined by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, realtime polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial membrane tissue and in paw tissue from arthritic mice. Arthritis was induced in DBA/1 mice by immunization with type II collagen, and mice were treated intraperitoneally with a blocking anti-NKG2D antibody (CX5) on days 1, 5, and 8 after clinical onset and were monitored for 10 days.Results. We demonstrated expression of NKG2D Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes of the innate immune system with both cytotoxic and cytokineproducing effector functions, regulated by a repertoire of cell receptors, including activating receptors NKG2D, CD16 (Fc␥ receptor III), NKp30, NKp44, and NKp46; killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor; and the inhibitory receptors CD94/NKG2A and LY49 (mouse) (for review, see ref. 1). The role of NK cells in the defense against infections and cancer has been studied extensively (1), but their role in autoimmunity and chronic
Our data suggest that the synthetic compound CLX-090717 has potential as a small molecular weight anti-inflammatory therapeutic for chronic inflammatory conditions.
Introduction Despite the advent of biological therapies for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, there is a compelling need to develop alternative therapeutic targets for nonresponders to existing treatments. Soluble receptors occur naturally in vivo, such as the splice variant of the cell surface receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) -a key regulator of angiogenesis in rheumatoid arthritis. Bioinformatics analyses predict that the majority of human genes undergo alternative splicing, generating proteins -many of which may have regulatory functions. The objective of the present study was to identify alternative splice variants (ASV) from cell surface receptor genes, and to determine whether the novel proteins encoded exert therapeutic activity in an in vivo model of arthritis.
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a component of cannabis, which does not cause the typical marijuana-type effects, but has a high potential for use in several therapeutic areas. In contrast to D 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (D 9 -THC), it binds very weakly to the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors. It has potent activity in both in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory assays. Thus, it lowers the formation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, a proinflammatory cytokine, and was found to be an oral antiarthritic therapeutic in murine collagen-induced arthritis in vivo. However, in acidic media, it can cyclize to the psychoactive D 9 -THC. We report the synthesis of a novel CBD derivative, HU-444, which cannot be converted by acid cyclization into a D 9-THC-like compound. In vitro HU-444 had anti-inflammatory activity (decrease of reactive oxygen intermediates and inhibition of TNF-a production by macrophages); in vivo it led to suppression of production of TNF-a and amelioration of liver damage as well as lowering of mouse collagen-induced arthritis. HU-444 did not cause D 9-THC-like effects in mice. We believe that HU-444 represents a potential novel drug for rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory diseases.
CIA = collagen-induced arthritis; K1-5 = protease-activated kringles 1-5; PBS = phosphate-buffered saline; RA = rheumatoid arthritis; TNF = tumour necrosis factor; VEGF = vascular endothelial growth factor. Arthritis Research and TherapyVol 5 No 1 Sumariwalla et al. Research articleThe angiogenesis inhibitor protease-activated kringles 1-5 reduces the severity of murine collagen-induced arthritis (Print ISSN 1478-6354; Online ISSN 1478-6362). This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any non-commercial purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original URL. AbstractDuring rheumatoid arthritis there is enlargement and increased cellularity of the synovial lining of joints, before invasion by the synovium of the underlying cartilage and bone. This increased tissue mass requires a network of blood vessels to supply nutrients and oxygen. Disruption of synovial angiogenesis is thus a desirable aim of antiarthritic therapies. Protease-activated kringles 1-5 (K1-5) is an angiogenesis inhibitor related to angiostatin. In common with angiostatin, K1-5 contains the first four kringle domains of plasminogen, but also encompasses the kringle 5 domain, which confers enhanced antiangiogenic activity when compared with angiostatin. The purpose of the present study was to assess the effect on murine arthritis of K1-5. Arthritis was induced in DBA/1 mice by a single injection of bovine collagen. Treatment with K1-5 was commenced on the day of arthritis onset and continued for 10 days, until the end of the experiment. Daily intraperitoneal administration of K1-5 (2 mg/kg body weight) significantly reduced both paw swelling and clinical score (a composite index of the number of arthritic limbs and the severity of disease). The clinical efficacy of this treatment was reflected by a reduction in joint inflammation and destruction, as assessed histologically. These data suggest that antiangiogenic therapies, which block formation of new blood vessels and hence reduce synovial expansion, might be effective in treating rheumatoid arthritis.
Our data demonstrate that the Ang-Tie ligand-receptor system is dysregulated in CIA. Tie1-751, a novel splice variant of the Tie1 receptor, inhibits Ang1/VEGF signalling, suggesting that Ang inhibition may be of therapeutic benefit in inflammatory arthritis.
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