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Groundwater abstraction from coastal aquifers is vulnerable to climate change and sea level rise because both may potentially impact saltwater intrusion and hence groundwater quality depending on the hydrogeological setting. In the present study the impacts of sea level rise and changes in groundwater recharge are quantified for an island located in the Western Baltic Sea. The low-lying central area of the investigated part of the island was extensively drained and reclaimed during the second half of the 19th century by a system of artificial drainage canals that significantly affects the flow dynamics of the area. The drinking water, mainly for summer cottages, is abstracted from 11 wells drilled to a depth of around 20 m into the upper 5–10 m of a confined chalk aquifer, and the total pumping is only 5–6% of the drainage pumping. Increasing chloride concentrations have been observed in several abstraction wells and in some cases the WHO drinking water standard has been exceeded. Using the modeling package MODFLOW/MT3D/SEAWAT the historical, present and future freshwater-sea water distribution is simulated. The model is calibrated against hydraulic head observations and validated against geochemical and geophysical data from new investigation wells, including borehole logs, and from an airborne transient electromagnetic survey. The impact of climate changes on saltwater intrusion is found to be sensitive to the boundary conditions of the investigated system. For the flux-controlled aquifer to the west of the drained area only changes in groundwater recharge impacts the freshwater–sea water interface whereas sea level rise does not result in increasing sea water intrusion. However, on the barrier islands to the east of the reclaimed area, below which the sea is hydraulically connected to the drainage canals, and the boundary of the flow system therefore controlled, the projected changes in sea level, groundwater recharge and stage of the drainage canals all have significant impacts on saltwater intrusion and the chloride concentrations found in abstraction wells

Summary. In parts of Sudan and some other countries, teething is thought to be the cause of severe health problems in infants, and a traditional treatment involves lancing the alveolar process over the unerupted canines with a heated needle, a procedure known as ‘haifat’. Three hundred and ninety‐eight children aged 4–8 years were examined for the presence of enamel defects on primary canines, and their parents or guardians were questioned regarding past teething problems and their treatment. Two hundred and fifty‐eight (65%) of the children had experienced health problems that had been attributed to teething, and 89 (22%) had been subjected to ‘haifat’. ‘Haifat’ had been practised by all socio‐economic groups, but was most prevalent in the lower groups. Enamel defects on the buccal surface of the primary canines were found in 25 (28%) of the children in the ‘haifat’ group and in 25 (8%) of the other children. Résumé. Dans certaines régions du Soudan et également dans d'autres pays, l'éruption dentaire est considérée comme la cause de maladies graves chez l'enfant. Le traitement tradionnel est la perforation du processus alvéolaire des canines non évoluées par une aiguille chaufée, un procédée connu sous le nom de' “haifat''. Trois cent quatre vingt neuf enfants ágés de 4 à 8 ans ont été examinés en ce qui concerne les défauts d'émail des canines temporaires et leurs parents ou gardiens ont été questionnés en ce qui concerne les problémes d'éruption et leur traitement. Deux cent cinquante huit enfants (65%) avaient eu des problémes de santé qui avaient été mis sur le compte de l'éruption dentaire et 89 enfants (65%) avaient été traité par” haifat''. Cette technique avait été utilisée dans tous les groupes socioéconomiques mais de façon plus fréquente dans les groupes les plus défavorisés. Des défauts d'émail des canines temporaires ont été trouvés chez 25 enfants du groupe “haifat'' (28%) et chez 25 (8%) chez les autres enfants. Zusammenfassung. In Teilen von Sudan und einigen anderen Ländern wird Zahnen als Ursache von schweren Gesundheitsproblemen angesehen. Eine traditionelle “Behandlungsmethode'' besteht in dem” Bestreichen'' des Alveolarkammes in der Region der Eckzähne mit einer erhitzten Nadel. Diese Prozedur wird als “Haifat'' bezeichnet. 398 Kinder zwischen 4 und 8 Jahren wurden untersucht, ob ihre Eckzähne Schmelzdeffekte aufweisen. Die Eltern wurden über Zahnungsprobleme und deren Behandlung befragt. 258 (65%) der Kinder hatten Gesundheitsprobleme welche dem Zahnen zugeschrieben wurden 89 (22%) wurden mit der Haifat‐Methode” behandelt''. Diese Kinder kamen aus alien sozio‐ökonomischen Schichten, aber vorweigend aus den Niedrigeren. Schmelzdefekte auf den bukkalen Flächen wurden bei 25 Kindern (28%) der Haifat‐Gruppe und bei 25 Kindern (8%) der anderen Gruppe gefunden. Resumen. En algunos lugares de Sudan y otros países, la erupción dental se considera como la causa de problemas de salud severos en niños y un tratamiento tradicional incluye la apertura del proceso alveolar sobre el canino no erupcionad...

appearance of the tumour but undetectable clinically. It may be argued that the improved outlook has only been shown in serial studies using historical controls and other factors such as staging and more intensive radiotherapy might be producing these results. But the improvement was so considerable that this is hardly likely. Furthermore, in a study by the Children's Cancer Study Group A3 of 15 children treated by radiotherapy alone eight developed local recurrence or metastases compared with only three out of 17 children concurrently treated by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. This result was significant at the 5%°`level.The chemotherapy used in this study has not produced any deaths and no undue short-or long-term toxicity. The best regimen, in terms of number of drugs, doses needed, and length of adjuvant therapy, is not yet known. Our regimen is less intense than some reported, yet it appears to give satisfactory results. Co-ordinated studies between centres will be important, especially in view of the implications of these results for the treatment of the commoner adult solid tumours.

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