Exposure to tobacco smoke in utero is suspected to be associated with ADHD and ADHD symptoms in children. Other maternal lifestyle factors during pregnancy may also be associated with these disorders. Further studies are needed to reach conclusions.

It is anticipated that creation of an OCRD grouping will contribute to accurate identification and appropriate treatment of affected patients as well as research efforts aimed at improving our understanding of the prevalence, assessment, and management of its constituent disorders.

No abstract

Girls with ADHD had a higher risk of adult psychiatric admission than boys. Conduct problems were also associated with a higher risk. Girls with ADHD with conduct problems had a very high risk of a psychiatric admission in adulthood.

This is the longest and most complete follow-up study of children with ADHD. • 208 children with ADHD were followed until a mean age of 31 years. • Childhood ADHD increased the risk for SUD in adulthood. • Both girls and boys with ADHD were at increased risk. • Early initiation of stimulant treatment in childhood reduced the risk of later SUD.