De 1984 à 1999, pour tous les professeurs à plein temps des universités canadiennes, les modèles de temps de défaillance accéléré démontrent que le temps médian de promotion de professeur adjoint à professeur agrégé est de 0,4 année plus long pour les femmes. Il n'y a pas de pic correspondant au refus de titularisation après cinq à sept ans de service, et les augmentations salariales des promotions sont stables avec le temps. Le temps médian de promotion de professeur agrégéà professeur titulaire est d'un an plus long pour les femmes que le temps médian pour les hommes, soit 8,3 années. Les différences entre les disciplines et entre les institutions n'ont qu'un petit impact sur les évaluations des différences entre les genres dans les promotions. From 1984 to 1999, for all full‐time faculty members at Canadian universities, accelerated failure time models show that the median time to promotion from assistant to associate professor is 0.4 years longer for women. There is no peak corresponding to denial of tenure after five to seven years of service and rates of promotion are stable over time. Women's median time for promotion from associate to full professor is one year longer than the median for men, 8.3 years. Variation between disciplines and between institutions has little impact on estimates of gender differences in promotion.

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Academic freedom faces formidable challenges in the current political and social climate, from external political forces as well as state pressures reshaping the university in the corporateimage. Three recent events at York University in Toronto relating to Palestine/Israel conflict demonstrate the fragility of academic freedom and freedom of expression. As the university is transformed by a competitive, corporate mentality, administrators concerned with their public image become more vulnerable to intimidation from the outside, in these cases pro Israel groups. Campus dissent is suppressed under the guise of seeking restraint. In these times academic staff must come forward to defend academic freedom.Keywords: Academic freedom, York University, corporate university. Academic Freedom in These Times: Three Lessons From York UniversityIn November 2004 Professor David Noble, a York University professor, set off a storm at York University when he distributed a flier arguing that pro-Israel interests in the leadership of the York University Foundation were influencing University decisions. As at many institutions, the Foundation is a separate, non-profit fundraising arm of the University. Six years later the reverberations within and beyond York continue to frame contemporary academic culture and raise fears for the long-term health of academic freedom and freedom of expression.The -Noble case‖ is the first of three instances of public controversy and their impact on academic freedom that I discuss here. A student-led rally on the Israeli and Palestine conflict is the second, and the third case, most recent and most public, is the -Mapping‖ conference held in June 2009. Together, these events raise questions about the critical forces at work in our universities that undermine academic freedom and the democratic and collegial culture that is its institutional bedrock.Academic freedom rests on the idea that knowledge creation can only take place where academics are free to teach, conduct research, and disseminate results without fear of retribution.