Although MnO2 is a promising material for supercapacitors (SCs) due to its excellent electrochemical performance and natural abundance, its wide application is limited by poor electrical conductivity. Inspired by our results that the electrochemical activity and electrical conductivity of ZnO nanowires were greatly improved after hydrogenation, we designed and fabricated hydrogenated single-crystal ZnO@amorphous ZnO-doped MnO2 core-shell nanocables (HZM) on carbon cloth as SC electrodes, showing excellent performance such as areal capacitance of 138.7 mF/cm(2) and specific capacitance of 1260.9 F/g. Highly flexible all-solid-state SCs were subsequently assembled with these novel HZM electrodes using polyvinyl alcohol/LiCl electrolyte. The working devices achieved very high total areal capacitance of 26 mF/cm(2) and retained 87.5% of the original capacitance even after 10 000 charge/discharge cycles. An integrated power pack incorporating series-wound SCs and dye-sensitized solar cells was demonstrated for stand-alone self-powered systems.
2D van der Waals (vdW) layered polar crystals sustaining phonon polaritons (PhPs) have opened up new avenues for fundamental research and optoelectronic applications in the mid-infrared to terahertz ranges. To date, 2D vdW crystals with PhPs are only experimentally demonstrated in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) slabs. For optoelectronic and active photonic applications, semiconductors with tunable charges, finite conductivity, and moderate bandgaps are preferred. Here, PhPs are demonstrated with low loss and ultrahigh electromagnetic field confinements in semiconducting vdW α-MoO . The α-MoO supports strong hyperbolic PhPs in the mid-infrared range, with a damping rate as low as 0.08. The electromagnetic confinements can reach ≈λ /120, which can be tailored by altering the thicknesses of the α-MoO 2D flakes. Furthermore, spatial control over the PhPs is achieved with a metal-ion-intercalation strategy. The results demonstrate α-MoO as a new platform for studying hyperbolic PhPs with tunability, which enable switchable mid-infrared nanophotonic devices.
The expensive and unstable organic hole transport layer (HTL) is one of the crucial problems that hampers the wide application of perovskite solar cells.Here, an MAPbI 3 -(BA) 2 (MA) nÀ1 Pb n I 3n+1 3D-2D perovskite-perovskite planar heterojunction (PPPH) through a facile BAI and MAPbI 3 interfacial ion exchange process was conducted. A graded band structure was formed for efficient charge separation, and the conductivity of the 2D perovskite can be tuned by extrinsic FA incorporation, which provides effective conducting channels for holes, making the modified 2D perovskite layer a promising and stable HTL. Optimized solar cells based on 3D-2D PPPH showed a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 13.15% initially and 16.13% after thermal aging, and could maintain 71% output for 50 days under 65% humidity, and 74% for 30 days under 85 C, without encapsulation. This work points to realize low cost and ambient compatible PPPH solar cells with high PCE and robust stability.
ObjectiveInnate immunity plays important roles in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), as non-T-cell-enriched tumour. Neutrophils are major players in innate immune system. Here, we aimed to explore the heterogeneity and pro-tumour mechanisms of neutrophils in PDAC.DesignWe analysed single-cell transcriptomes of peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) and tumour-infiltrating immune cells from five patients with PDAC, and performed immunofluorescence/immunohistochemistry staining, multi-omics analysis and in vitro experiments to validate the discoveries of bioinformatics analysis.ResultsExploration of the heterogeneity of tumour-associated neutrophils (TANs) revealed a terminally differentiated pro-tumour subpopulation (TAN-1) associated with poor prognosis, an inflammatory subpopulation (TAN-2), a population of transitional stage that have just migrated to tumour microenvironment (TAN-3) and a subpopulation preferentially expressing interferon-stimulated genes (TAN-4). Glycolysis signature was upregulated along neutrophil transition trajectory, and TAN-1 was featured with hyperactivated glycolytic activity. The glycolytic switch of TANs was validated by integrative multi-omics approach of transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics analysis. Activation of glycolytic activity by LDHA overexpression induced immunosuppression and pro-tumour functions in neutrophil-like differentiated HL-60 (dHL-60) cells. Mechanistic studies revealed BHLHE40, downstream to hypoxia and endoplasmic reticulum stress, was a key regulator in polarisation of neutrophils towards TAN-1 phenotype, and direct transcriptional regulation of BHLHE40 on TAN-1 marker genes was demonstrated by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Pro-tumour and immunosuppression functions were observed in dHL-60 cells overexpressing BHLHE40. Importantly, immunohistochemistry analysis of PDAC tissues revealed the unfavourable prognostic value of BHLHE40+ neutrophils.ConclusionThe dynamic properties of TANs revealed by this study will be helpful in advancing PDAC therapy targeting innate immunity.
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