Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (HIRI) is an additional injury to ischemic tissue after hepatic revascularization, and its pathological mechanism is complex. HIRI is not only involved in the molecular targets that mediate cell death, such as ion channel activation, abnormal protease activation and mitochondrial dysfunction, but also related to the down-regulation of endogenous protective signals. As a by-product of normal aerobic metabolism, reactive oxygen species (ROS) act as a multi effect physiological signal factor at low concentration. However, liver ischemia-reperfusion will lead to excessive ROS accumulation, destroy redox homeostasis, lead to oxidative stress, cause cell death through a variety of mechanisms, and drive the further damage of ischemic liver. Recent studies have found that the antioxidant treatment of nano selenium can reduce the excessive production of ROS and play a potential protective role in reducing HIRI. This paper reviews the molecular mechanism of the antioxidant effect of nano selenium for the prevention and treatment of HIRI, in order to provide further experimental basis for the clinical prevention and treatment of HIRI.
Background: Alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) or 2-oxoglutarate is a key substance in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) and has been known to play an important role in cancerogenesis and tumor progression. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer, and it has a high mortality rate. Autophagy is a phenomenon of self-digestion, and its significance in tumor genesis and progression remains debatable. However, the mechanisms underlying how AKG regulates autophagy in RCC remain unknown. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess the therapeutic efficacy of AKG and its molecular mechanisms.Methods: RCC cell lines 786O and ACHN were treated with varying doses of AKG for 24 h. CCK-8, Transwell, and scratch wound healing assays were utilized to evaluate the role of AKG in RCC cells. Autophagy protein and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway protein levels were analyzed by Western blot.Results: AKG inhibited the proliferation of RCC cells 786O and ACHN in a dosedependent manner according to the CCK-8 assay. In addition, flow cytometry and Western blot analysis revealed that AKG dose-dependently triggered apoptosis and autophagy in RCC cells. By promoting cell apoptosis and autophagy, AKG dramatically suppressed tumor growth. Mechanistically, AKG induces autophagy by promoting ROS generation and inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.Conclusions: The anti-tumor effect of AKG promotes autophagy in renal cancer cells via mediating ROS-PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and may be used as a potential anticancer drug for kidney cancer.
Purpose: The purpose of this research was to investigate the prevalence, risk, and prognostic factors associated with liver metastasis (LM) in colorectal adenocarcinoma and to develop a nomogram for predicting LM incidence and prognosis.Methods: The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was used to collect data from patients diagnosed with colorectal adenocarcinoma with liver metastases between 2010 and 2015. We used univariate and LASSO-multivariate logistic regression analyses to identify independent risk factors for LM in colorectal adenocarcinoma patients, and we used univariate and LASSO-multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses to identify independent prognostic factors for colorectal adenocarcinoma with LM. We then made two new nomograms, and the results were checked out by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, calibration curves, and decision curves (DCA).Result: There were 38,941 patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma included in the study, and 4,866 individuals were diagnosed with LM. The age, T, N, tumor size, chemotherapy, radiation, perineural invasion, surgery, and CEA level are all independent risk factors for LM in patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma. The age, grade, tumor size, chemotherapy, T stage, CEA level, marital status, and surgery are all independent prognostic variables for colorectal adenocarcinoma patients with LM. ROC curves, calibration, DCA, and Kaplan–Meier (K-M) survival curves in the training, validation, and expanded testing sets indicated that two nomograms may accurately predict the incidence and prognosis of LM in patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma.Conclusion: LM is quite common in people with colorectal adenocarcinoma. A nomogram based on risk and prognostic indicators for LM was shown to be effective at estimating the probability of LM incidence and prognosis.
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