Similar to software bugs, configuration errors are also one of the major causes of today's system failures. Many configuration issues manifest themselves in ways similar to software bugs such as crashes, hangs, silent failures. It leaves users clueless and forced to report to developers for technical support, wasting not only users' but also developers' precious time and effort. Unfortunately, unlike software bugs, many software developers take a much less active, responsible role in handling configuration errors because "they are users' faults."This paper advocates the importance for software developers to take an active role in handling misconfigurations. It also makes a concrete first step towards this goal by providing tooling support to help developers improve their configuration design, and harden their systems against configuration errors. Specifically, we build a tool, called SPEX, to automatically infer configuration requirements (referred to as constraints) from software source code, and then use the inferred constraints to: (1) expose misconfiguration vulnerabilities (i.e., bad system reactions to configuration errors such as crashes, hangs, silent failures); and (2) detect certain types of errorprone configuration design and handling.We evaluate SPEX with one commercial storage system and six open-source server applications. SPEX automatically infers a total of 3800 constraints for more than 2500 configuration parameters. Based on these constraints, SPEX further detects 743 various misconfiguration vulnerabilities and at least 112 error-prone constraints in the latest versions of the evaluated systems. To this day, 364 vulnerabilities and 80 inconsistent constraints have been confirmed or fixed by developers after we reported them. Our results have influenced the Squid Web proxy project to improve its configuration parsing library towards a more user-friendly design.

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An optimal thermodynamic data set for the zirconia-calcia system is evaluated by the CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagrams) method applied to experimental phase diagram and thermodynamic data. The liquid and C,, (cubic ZrO, solid solution) are described by a subregular solution model. Three compounds, CaZr,O,, Ca6ZrlYOU, and CaZrO,, are modeled as stoichiometric compounds. A regular solution model is applied to the other phases. Comparisons between calculated and measured phase diagrams and thermodynamic quantities show that most of experimental information is satisfactorily accounted for by thermodynamic calculations. The calculations also reasonably predict the measured electromotive force concerning the metastable Css.

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