In this study, essential oil components of the Hyoscyamus niger L. plant and their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties were determined. The essential oils were obtained separately from both the aerial parts and seeds of the plant using the hydrodistillation method. Antimicrobial activity was determined using the disk diffusion method. Total antioxidant level (TAS), total oxidant level (TOS), and 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity were detected for the antioxidant activity of the plant. The main essential oil components of the above-ground parts Hyoscyamus niger were determined as major components the phytol 52.09%, hexahydrofarnesyl acetone 19.66 %. H. niger seeds were hydrodistilled separately, obtaining yields of 0.7% (v w-1) of yellow oils. In the essential oils of H. niger seeds, forty-one components were identified representing 99.0% of the oils. According to the results of the analysis hexahydrofarnesyl acetone 46.36%, hexanal 9.05% as major components. It was determined that the methanol extracts of the above-ground H. niger inhibited the growth of pathogenic microorganisms at different rates (13-32 mm). TAS value of methanol extracts of H. niger was calculated as 3.7705 mmol, while the TOS value was calculated as 6.9403 μmol. It was determined that the scavenging effects of the DPPH radical increase, depend on increasing concentrations.

Artemisia is one of the biggest genera in the family Asteraceae, with around 500-600 taxa at specific and sub-specific levels and organised in five subgenera. Due to the high number of taxa, a lot taxonomists are trying to solve the problem of its classification and phylogeny but its natural classification still has not been achieved.The aim of this study is to try to solve the problematic systematic relationship between three different Artemisia species growing in close proximity to each other in the light of morphological, karyological and molecular data.The roots, stems, leaves, flowers structures of the plant samples collected from different populations belong to these species were investigated within the framework of morphological studies. Additionally, the chromosome counts and karyotype analysises of these species were made and idiograms were drawn in the karyological studies. In the context of phylogenetic studies, ITS and trn regions of 22 individuals belonging to 3 taxa were studied. It has been found that there is complete speciation genetic isolation mechanism between the species A. spicigera, A. taurica and A. fragrans that inhibit gene flow. A. fragrans and A. spicigera species are very similar to each other in terms of morphological characteristics. However, since populations of the species a fragrans are otopolyploid, the dimensional values of their morphological squares are larger than those of the species A. spicigera.This study is important as it is the first molecular based study relating with some species of Artemisia growing naturally in Turkey.

Bitkilerde moleküler düzeyde yapılan çalışmalar, incelenen taksonlardan maksimum kalitede DNA eldesi gerektirmektedir. Bu nedenle, çalışılacak bitkilerden yüksek konsantrasyonlu ve mümkün olabildiğince saf DNA eldesi son derece önemlidir. Bitkilerden genomik DNA izolasyonu için farklı protokoller bulunmaktadır. Bu araştırmada tıbbi ve aromatik bitkilerden Asteraceae, Apiaceae ve Lamiaceae familyalarına ait bazı taksonlar kullanılmıştır. Taksonların hem herbaryum materyali haline getirilmiş kuru yaprak dokularından, hemde taze yaprak dokularından örnekler alınarak denenecek yöntemlerin hangi tip dokularda daha etkin olduğu araştırılmaya çalışılmıştır. Kullanılan yöntemlerde ekstraksiyon tampon çözeltileri içinde yalnızca CTAB ile CTAB+PVP beraber olacak şekilde hazırlanmış, buna ilave olarak hazır izolasyon kiti kullanılmıştır. Genel olarak tüm yöntemlerden yüksek konsantrasyonda DNA elde edilirken, bu yöntemlerle elde edilen gDNA’da, proteinler, RNA, polisakkaritler, uçucu yağlar, fenoller ve diğer kirleticilerin miktarı minimal düzeye indirilmeye çalışılmıştır. İzole edilen DNA’ların konsantrasyonu ve saflığı nanodrop spektrofotometrede ölçülürken, yoğunluğu agaroz jel elektroforezinde görüntülenmiştir. Ayrıca elde edilen DNA’ların PCR çalışmalarına uygunluğu da çeşitli primerler kullanılarak test edilmiştir. Elde edilen DNA’ların miktarı ve kalitesi taksonlar arasında farklılık gösterse de en kaliteli izolasyon her zaman taze bitki materyali kullanılarak yapılan izolasyonlardan elde edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte yalnızca CTAB çözeltisi kullanılan ekstraksiyon yöntemi en yüksek saflık ve yoğunlukta olan DNA’ yı sağlamıştır. Bunu takiben CTAB+PVP yöntemlerinin benzer sonuçlar verdiği görülürken, hazır kit kullanımının ise bitkilerden DNA izolasyonunda çok da kullanışlı olmadığı saptanmıştır. Hazır kit kullanımı her ne kadar daha temiz görünümlü DNA verse de elde edilen DNA’ların yetersiz olduğu görülmüş ve PCR çalışmalarında müspet sonuç vermemiştir.

Artemisia is one of the biggest genera in the family Asteraceae, with around 500-600 taxa at specific and sub-specific levels and organised in 5 subgenera. Due to the high number of taxa, a lot taxonomists are trying to solve the problem of its classification and phylogeny but its natural classification still hasn’t been achieved. In this research, 60 individuals belonging to 4 taxa of the subgenus Dracunculus of Artemisia L. in Turkey were examined. For all the examined individuals from both the same and different populations belonging to the taxa of the subgenus Dracunculus, the sequences of the regions both psbA-trnH of chloroplast DNA and ITS of nuclear DNA were determined. Also, the gene regions obtained were recorded in the NCBI GenBank database and an accession number was taken. It was found that there was no gene flow and hybridization between the four studied taxa of the subgenus Dracunculus, and these 4 taxa also completed their speciation. According to the results of this molecular study, A. campestris var. campestris, A. campestris var. marschalliana and A. campestris var. araratica were proposed to be raised from the variety level to the species level. This research is important as it is the first molecular based study relating with the subgenus Dracunculus growing in Turkey.

The genus Artemisia L. of the family Asteraceae is systematically very complex. The aim of this study was to evaluate taxonomic positions of taxa of the subgenus Artemisia belonging to the genus Artemisia in Turkey using some molecular techniques. In this molecular study, 44 individuals belong to 14 species of the subgenus Artemisia were examined. Analyses were performed on the combined dataset using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference and Molecular parameters obtained from co-evaluations of sequences of the psbA-trnH, ITS and ETS regions of examined individuals were used in the phylogenetic tree drawing. According to the results of this study, two molecular groups have been formed based on the DNA sequence similarity of the species, but there are no obvious morphological characters corresponding to two molecular groups. There is no also agreement between the two molecular groups and the two morphological groups formed according to the hairiness condition of the receptacle of species. Due to the lack of molecular significance of their receptacles with or without hair, dividing of the subgenus Artemisia species into new subgenera or sections was not considered appropriate. Likewise, it has been found that with or without hair on the corolla lobes of the central hermaphrodite disc flowers have no molecular significance. It was found that there were no gene flow and hybridization between the 14 species of the subgenus Artemisia and these 14 species were found completed their speciation. This study is important as it is the first molecular based study relating with belong to subgenus Artemisia species growing naturally in Turkey. In addition, new haplotypes related to the populations of Turkey belonging to the subgenus Artemisia taxa were reported by us for the first time and added to the GenBank database.

No abstract

The genus Anthriscus Pers. of the family Apiaceae is a small sized genus with 16 species, distributed in the world. In Turkey it is represented by 8 taxa, distributed in 4 sections. The aim of this study was to determine the genetic proximity and distances of taxa to each other and to identify interrelationships, systematic and phylogenetic relationships using the sequence analysis information of the non-coding trn region in the chloroplast genome of the Anthriscus species in Turkey. The phylogenetic tree showed that the taxa A. caucalis var. caucalis and A. tenerrima var. tenerrima (belonging to sect. Anthriscus) with A. cerefolium var. trichocarpa (belonging to sect. Cerefolium) had completed their speciations and isolation with other species in terms of speciation was provided. It can be said that A. kotschyi, the only representative of the sect. Caroides in Turkey, is isolated having completed its speciation also. The presence of the continuing gene exchange between the taxa can be mentioned, while the taxonomy of the two taxa of A. sylvestris and A. lamprocarpa, two members of the sect. Cacosciadium, cannot be determined more clearly yet. For this reason, it can be said that the A. sylvestris subsp. sylvestris and A. sylvestris subsp. nemorosa taxa, previously identified as two subspecies belonging to A. sylvestris, should be raised again to A. sylvestris and A. nemorosa taxa. In addition, an infrageneric arrangement and subsequent taxonomic regulation need to be made for the subspecies belonging to the A. lamprocarpa taxa.

This study aims to determine the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of essential oil components and methanol extracts of Fumaria asepala Boiss. (Akşahtere) and Fumaria schleicheri Soy.-Will. subsp. microcarpa Hausskn. (Şahtere) species grown in Turkey. While essential oils were isolated by the hydrodistillation method, the analysis of these oils was determined by GC/MS device. According to the results obtained, the main component of the essential oil of F. asepala is Phytol (20.74%), followed by Thymol (20.42%), Benzyl Benzoate (15.89%), and Hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (12.92%); It was determined that the main component of the essential oil of F. schleicheri subsp. microcarpa is Benzyl Benzoate (29.07%), followed by Hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (19.72%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (11.40%) and Phytol (10.04%). The disk diffusion method was used to determine its antimicrobial effects. The above-ground parts of F. schleicheri subsp. microcarpa showed the best antimicrobial effect against K. pneumoniae-ATCC 700603 (25mm), while F. asepala showed the best antimicrobial effect against S. aureus-ATCC 25923 (24mm) and K. pneumoniae (24mm). To determine their antioxidant effects, total antioxidant level (TAS) and total oxidant level (TOS) were determined. It was determined that the TAS value of the methanol extract of F. schleicheri subsp. microcarpa at a concentration of 1 mg/ml was 2.8314 mmol, and the TOS value of F. asepala was 3.1610 mmol at the same concentration. It was determined that the total oxidant levels in both species were high.