SummaryBackgroundMale circumcision reduces men’s risk of acquiring HIV and
some sexually transmitted infections from heterosexual exposure, and is
essential for HIV prevention in sub-Saharan Africa. Studies have also
investigated associations between male circumcision and risk of acquisition
of HIV and sexually transmitted infections in women. We aimed to review all
evidence on associations between male circumcision and women’s
health outcomes to benefit women’s health programmes.MethodsIn this systematic review we searched for peer-reviewed and grey
literature publications reporting associations between male circumcision and
women’s health outcomes up to April 11, 2016. All biomedical (not
psychological or social) outcomes in all study types were included. Searches
were not restricted by year of publication, or to sub-Saharan Africa.
Publications without primary data and not in English were excluded. We
extracted data and assessed evidence on each outcome as high, medium, or low
consistency on the basis of agreement between publications; outcomes found
in fewer than three publications were indeterminate consistency.Findings60 publications were included in our assessment. High-consistency
evidence was found for five outcomes, with male circumcision protecting
against cervical cancer, cervical dysplasia, herpes simplex virus type 2,
chlamydia, and syphilis. Medium-consistency evidence was found for male
circumcision protecting against human papillomavirus and low-risk human
papillomavirus. Although the evidence shows a protective association with
HIV, it was categorised as low consistency, because one trial showed an
increased risk to female partners of HIV-infected men resuming sex early
after male circumcision. Seven outcomes including HIV had low-consistency
evidence and six were indeterminate.InterpretationScale-up of male circumcision in sub-Saharan Africa has public health
implications for several outcomes in women. Evidence that female partners
are at decreased risk of several diseases is highly consistent. Synergies
between male circumcision and women’s health programmes should be
explored.FundingUS Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Jhpiego
Selenized glucose is a new product that has recently been used as the starting material for the preparation of seleniumcontaining catalyst, antibacterial agent, and even heavy metal scavenger. It has potentially important market prospects and commercial value. The chemical can be synthesized by the selenization reaction of glucose with NaHSe, which is generated in situ via the reduction of selenium powder with NaBH 4 . In this work, we found that oxygen should be strictly avoided during the synthetic reactions and ethanol was the preferable solvent for obtaining the product in stable powder forms. On the basis of these findings, a production line was built to synthesize selenized glucose in kilogram-scale for the first time.
Male circumcision (MC) is a key HIV prevention intervention for men in countries with high HIV prevalence. Women’s understanding of MC is important but poorly understood. We conducted a systematic review including women’s knowledge of MC’s biomedical impacts and its association with female sexual satisfaction and function through October 2017. Thirty-eight articles were identified: thirty-two with knowledge outcomes, seven with sexual satisfaction, and four with sexual function (N = 38). Respondent proportions aware MC protects men from HIV were 9.84–91.8% (median 60.0%). Proportions aware MC protects men from STIs were 14.3–100% (72.6%). Proportions aware MC partially protects men from HIV were 37.5–82% (50.7%). Proportions aware MC is not proven to protect women from infection by an HIV-positive partner were 90.0–96.8% (93.0%). No increases over time were noted. Women’s MC knowledge is variable. Education could help women support MC and make better-informed sexual decisions.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (10.1007/s10461-018-2313-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Highly crystalline K-intercalated Se/C was fabricated by calcining the commercially available methylselenized glucose with KBr being followed by the subsequent water washing. The corrosion of water to KBr led to...
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