Easy of learning (EOL) judgments occur before active learning begins, and it is a prediction of how difficult it will be to learn new material in future learning. This study compared the amplitude of event-related potential (ERP) components and brain activation regions between high and low EOL judgments by adopting ERPs with a classical EOL judgment paradigm, aiming to confirm the ease-of-processing hypothesis. The results showed that (1) the magnitudes of EOL judgments are affected by encoding fluency cues, and the judgment magnitude increases with encoding fluency; (2) low EOL judgments are associated with higher N400 amplitude at the left superior frontal gyrus (SFG) and left middle frontal gyrus (MFG). High EOL judgments showed enlarged slow-wave (600–1,000 ms) potentials than low EOL judgments at the left medial temporal lobe (MTL), right ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Our results support the ease-of-processing hypothesis, particularly, by affirming that EOL judgments are affected by encoding fluency in two processing stages. N400 reflects the process of acquiring encoding fluency cues, while slow-wave indicates that individuals use encoding fluency cues for metacognitive monitoring.
"In our daily life, the ability of processing the other people's facial features (such as race, emotion, etc.) are of great significance of us to adapt to social environment and participate in social interaction. In this study, a 2 (race: own-race/ other-race) ×2 (emotion: positive/ negative) within-subjects design was used to investigate how the race and emotion on face affect the processing of cognition and the processing of metacognition. There are five tasks: ease-of-learning (EOL) judgement, remembering, judgement of learning (JOL), recognition and judgement of confidence (JOC). The results revealed that :(1) EOL judgement was only affected by race, which showed that participants made higher EOL judgement for other-race faces than for own-race. (2) The processing fluency was only affected by emotion, which showed that participants spend less time for learning the faces with negative emotion. (3) JOL is not only affected by race, but also moderated by emotion. The results showed that: in the positive emotion condition, JOLs of foreign faces was significantly higher than that of native faces, whereas, in the condition of negative emotion, the difference between the two was not significant. (4) Other-race effect was found in recognition scores, and the other-race effect was moderated by emotion. The results showed that the recognition performance of native face was significantly better than that foreign face in the negative emotion condition. In the condition of positive emotion, the difference between the two was not significant. (5) The trend of confidence judgment was the same as recognition scores. The conclusions were as follows :(1) Emotion has a significant influence on face image cod, while race information has a significant influence on face image cod, and emotional information plays a moderating role; (2) The metacognitive processing of face was influenced by multiple factors such as ethnicity, emotion and cognitive processing information. In conclusion, when processing face image, there is significant separation between cognition and metacognition at different stages, under the influence of ethnicity and emotion. In addition, this study also provides a partial explanation for the difference in accuracy between prospective and retrospective metacognitive monitoring."
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