The waters around Taiwan are impacted by the Kuroshio and coastal currents, resulting in a high productivity and a high diversity of marine life. As a consequence, there are a multitude of fisheries around Taiwan, conducted by a fleet that has grown enormously in the last four decades. Here, we investigate the effect of the resulting fishing pressure on 16 commercial fish stocks including demersal and pelagic species in the coastal and offshore waters of Taiwan using the Monte Carlo Catch-Maximum Sustainable Yield (CMSY) and Bayesian Schaefer Model (BSM) methods. Both of these methods required principally catch time series, with the BSM methods also requiring catchper-unit-of-effort data. The results show that of the 16 assessed stocks, 10 stocks have collapsed, 2 are severely overfished, 2 are overfished, 1 is slightly overfished, and only 1 stock remains in a healthy status; these troubling results are attributed to excessive fishing pressure. However, climate-driven environmental variability may be another factor affecting the fishery resources around Taiwan, as evidenced by chub mackerel Scomber japonicus, the one stock deemed healthy, which is here attributed to favorable environmental condition. Using the fisheries reference points provided here, rebuilding plans could be provided for the other 15 species; however, such plans are not likely to be successful without reducing the size of the Taiwanese fishing fleet.
Five shark stocks in the waters around Taiwan were assessed using the LBB method, addressing the present gap. Among them, only one filter-feeding shark, megamouth shark Megachasma pelagios, qualified as having a healthy status. Of the remaining filter-feeding shark, whale shark Rhincodon typus, was seriously overexploited, possibly even collapsed, spadenose shark Scoliodon macrorhynchos, and other two large sharks (dusky shark Carcharhinus obscurus and silky shark Carcharhinus falciformis) were also overexploited. These stock status estimates for the five shark species using the LBB method were consistent with international agreements such as IUCN, CITES and CMS.
Natural systems can undergo critical transitions, leading to substantial socioeconomic and ecological outcomes. "Ecological resilience" has been proposed to describe the capacity of natural systems to absorb external perturbation and reorganize while undergoing change so as to still retain essentially the same function, structure, identity, and feedbacks. However, the mere application of ecological resilience in theoreti-
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