A total of 20 1,2,4-triazole Mannich base derivatives bearing the 6-fluoroquinazolinylpiperidinyl moiety were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as antimicrobial agents against phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi according to the molecular hybridization strategy. Of note, the structure of target compound 4h was clearly confirmed through single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The turbidimetric assays indicated that some compounds exhibited excellent antibacterial efficacies in vitro against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). For example, compounds 4c, 4f, 4j, and 7j had EC 50 values of 23.6, 18.8, 23.4, and 24.3 μg/ mL, respectively, which were far superior to that of agrobactericide bismerthiazol (EC 50 = 92.4 μg/mL). In particular, compound 4f demonstrated a potent anti-Xoo activity approximately five times more active than that of bismerthiazol. Moreover, in vivo assays showed the excellent protective and curative activities of compound 4f against rice bacterial blight, having the potential as an alternative bactericide for controlling Xoo. The structure−activity relationship analysis showed a good pesticide-likeness concerning compound 4f, following Tice's criteria. The anti-Xoo mechanism of compound 4f was preliminarily explored by scanning electron microscopy measurements in living bacteria. Finally, several compounds also exhibited good antifungal activities in vitro against Gibberella zeae at 50 μg/mL. In short, the presented work showed the potential of 6-fluoroquinazolinylpiperidinyl-containing 1,2,4triazole Mannich base derivatives as effective bactericides for controlling Xoo.

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The ESA’s Mars Express solar corona experiments were performed at two solar conjunctions in the years 2015 and 2017 by a number of radio telescopes in the European VLBI Network. This paper presents the methods to measure the frequency and phase fluctuations of the spacecraft radio signal, and the applications to study the characteristics of the plasma turbulence effects on the signal at a single station and at multiple stations via cross correlation. The power spectra of the frequency fluctuations observed between 4.9 and 76.3 R s have a power-law shape close to a Kolmogorov spectrum over the frequency interval ν lo < ν < ν up, where the nominal value of ν lo is set to 3 mHz and ν up is in the range of 0.03–0.15 Hz. The rms of the frequency fluctuations is presented as a function of the heliocentric distance. Furthermore, we analyze the variations of the electron column density fluctuations at solar offsets 4.9 R s and 9.9 R s and the cross-correlation products between the VLBI stations. The power density of the differential fluctuations between different stations decreases at ν < 0.01 Hz. Finally, the fast flow speeds of solar wind >700 km s−1 are derived from the cross correlation of frequency fluctuations at ν < 0.01 Hz. The fast flow speeds of solar wind correspond to the high heliolatitude of the coronal region that the radio rays passed. The VLBI observations and analysis methods can be used to study the electron column density fluctuations and the turbulence at multiple spatial points in the inner solar wind by providing multiple lines of sight between the Earth and the spacecraft.

Same-beam very long baseline interferometry observations were performed between the rover and the lander of Chang'E-3 and differential phase delay data were obtained with the minimum random error of about 0.03 ps. These data were used to monitor the rover motions, as small as several centimeters, including movement, turning, and attitude adjustment. The relative position between the rover and the lander was precisely measured with an accuracy of 1 m, which is an improvement of 10 times compared with that of the Apollo project.

Traditional supervised learning approaches to common NLP tasks depend heavily on manual annotation, which is labor intensive and time consuming, and often suffer from data sparseness. In this paper we show how to mitigate the problems in short text classification (STC) through word embeddings -distributional representations of words learned from large unlabeled data. The word embeddings are trained from the entire English Wikipedia text. We assume that a short text document is a specific sample of one distribution in a Bayesian framework. A Gaussian process approach is used to model the distribution of words. The task of classification becomes a simple problem of selecting the most probable Gaussian distribution. This approach is compared with those based on the classical maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model and the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) approach. Our approach achieved better performance and also showed advantages in dealing with unseen words.

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of sodium butyrate (SB) on growth, digestive enzymes, body composition and nutrient retention-related gene expression of juvenile yellow catfish ( Pelteobagrus fulvidraco ). Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets (420 g/kg protein and 90 g/kg lipid) were formulated to contain 0 (control), 250, 500, 1,000 or 2,000 mg/kg SB. Triplicate groups of 40 fish (BW = 1.26 ± 0.01 g) per tank (300-L cylindrical fiberglass tanks) for each diet were fed to apparent satiation twice daily. Stomach, hepatopancreas and intestine samples were obtained for digestive enzymes activities analyses. A real-time quantitative PCR analysis was performed to determine the relative expression of target of rapamycin ( TOR ) and lipoprotein lipase ( LPL ) in the hepatopancreas and intestine. Fish fed the diets supplemented with SB at 500 and 1,000 mg/kg showed significantly higher specific growth rate and significantly lower feed conversion ratio compared to the control ( P < 0.05). Dietary SB inclusion did not alter activities of intestinal amylase, creatine kinase and sodium–potassium adenosine triphosphatase (Na + /K + -ATPase), but increased activities of hepatic trypsin, stomachic lipase, intestinal lipase, alkaline phosphatase and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase for fish fed 1,000 mg/kg SB compared to the control ( P < 0.05). Intestine length index, intestine somatic index, fold height and muscular thickness of distal intestine were significantly higher in 1,000 mg/kg SB groups compared to the control ( P < 0.05). Significantly higher levels of whole-body crude protein, ash, calcium, phosphorus, nutrition retention and relative mRNA of intestinal TOR were observed in 1,000 mg/kg SB group ( P < 0.05). Whole-body lipid content and hepatopancreas LPL mRNA expression in 2,000 mg/kg SB group were significantly higher than the control ( P < 0.05). Relative mRNA levels of intestinal LPL and hepatopancreas TOR were significantly higher in the 500 mg/kg SB group compared to those in other groups ( P < 0.05). The increased growth performance, digestive enzymes and nutrient retention in fish fed the diets supplemented with SB at 500 and 1,000 mg/kg suggests that SB can be a desirable growth promoter as an antibiotic alternative in diets.