Our previous genetic, pharmacological and analogue protection studies identified the glycosphingolipid, Gb3 (globotriaosylceramide, Pk blood group antigen) as a natural resistance factor for HIV infection. Gb3 is a B cell marker (CD77), but a fraction of activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) can also express Gb3. Activated PBMCs predominantly comprise CD4+ T-cells, the primary HIV infection target. Gb3 is the sole receptor for Escherichia coli verotoxins (VTs, Shiga toxins). VT1 contains a ribosome inactivating A subunit (VT1A) non-covalently associated with five smaller receptor-binding B subunits. The effect of VT on PHA/IL2-activated PBMC HIV susceptibility was determined. Following VT1 (or VT2) PBMC treatment during IL2/PHA activation, the small Gb3+/CD4+ T-cell subset was eliminated but, surprisingly, remaining CD4+ T-cell HIV-1IIIB (and HIV-1Ba-L) susceptibility was significantly reduced. The Gb3-Jurkat T-cell line was similarly protected by brief VT exposure prior to HIV-1IIIB infection. The efficacy of the VT1A subunit alone confirmed receptor independent protection. VT1 showed no binding or obvious Jurkat cell/PBMC effect. Protective VT1 concentrations reduced PBMC (but not Jurkat cell) proliferation by 50%. This may relate to the mechanism of action since HIV replication requires primary T-cell proliferation. Microarray analysis of VT1A-treated PBMCs indicated up regulation of 30 genes. Three of the top four were histone genes, suggesting HIV protection via reduced gene activation. VT blocked HDAC inhibitor enhancement of HIV infection, consistent with a histone-mediated mechanism. We speculate that VT1A may provide a benign approach to reduction of (X4 or R5) HIV cell susceptibility.
There are many uncertain factors because of the nonlinearity of system and the road surface interference in the electric power steering system (EPS), and a PID controller is only used suitably when the system is a linear system and the system parameters are certain. A sliding mode variable structure controller which is based on the exponential approach law is proposed for EPS for the nonlinear system and the road surface disturbance. Simulation shows that the proposed controller has the steady performance and the dynamic performance, and its sliding mode is absolutely self-adaptive, so the sliding mode controller can be used to robust control for electric power steering system.
The paper presented the design and implementation of the multifunctional smart power socket based on Cortex-M3 kernel STM32F103 MCU, using Zigbee technology for network communication and FreeRTOS as task scheduling management. The hardware design and software framework of smart power socket are described. Features of the smart power socket are high reliability and practicality, and meet the needs of the smart home power management.
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