Bone metastasis affects more than 70% of advanced breast cancer patients, but the molecular mechanisms of this process remain unclear. Here, we present clinical and experimental evidence to clarify the role of the integrin b-like 1 (ITGBL1) as a key contributor to bone metastasis of breast cancer. In an in vivo model system and in vitro experiments, ITGBL1 expression promoted formation of osteomimetic breast cancers, facilitating recruitment, residence, and growth of cancer cells in bone microenvironment along with osteoclast maturation there to form osteolytic lesions. Mechanistic investigations identified the TGFb signaling pathway as a downstream effector of ITGBL1 and the transcription factor Runx2 as an upstream activator of ITGBL1 expression. In support of these findings, we also found that ITGBL1 was an essential mediator of Runx2-induced bone metastasis of breast cancer. Overall, our results illuminate how bone metastasis occurs in breast cancer, and they provide functional evidence for new candidate biomarkers and therapeutic targets to identify risk, to prevent, and to treat this dismal feature of advanced breast cancer.

The present study aimed at evaluating and comparing the diagnostic performance of B-mode ultrasound (US), elastography score (ES), and strain ratio (SR) for the differentiation of breast lesions. This retrospective study enrolled 431 lesions from 417 in-hospital patients. All patients were examined with both conventional ultrasound and elastography. Two experienced radiologists reviewed ultrasound and elasticity images. The histopathologic result obtained from ultrasound-guided core biopsy or operation excisions were used as the reference standard. Pathologic examination revealed 276 malignant lesions (64%) and 155 benign lesions (36%). A cut-off point of 4.15 (area under the curve, 0.891) allowed significant differentiation of malignant and benign lesions. ROC (receiver-operating characteristic) curves showed a higher value for combination of B-mode ultrasound and elastography for the diagnosis of breast lesions. Conventional ultrasound combined elastography showed high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for group II lesions (10mm

Objective: To compare the mammogarphic appearance between breast cancer patients aged <40 and ≥40 years. Methods: Needle localization and biopsy of suspicious mammographic lesions identified 1,959 breast carcinomas in a single institution from Jun 2012 to Apr 2013. According to the age, we divided patients into two groups: <40 and ≥40 years old, and analyzed mammographic appearance separately. Results: Young patients had 44.2% foci with calcification, but old patients only had 39.4% (P<0.001). In younger group, the ratios of cases according to mass density were 41.8% or higher, 58.2% equivalent and lower. In older group, the ratios were 55.5 % and 44.5%, respectively. There were statistical differences between high density and others (P<0.05). The ratios of cases according to mass margin were 13.9% circumscribed and microlobulated, 86.1% indistinct and spiculated in the younger group, as compared to 6.5% and 93.5%, respectively, in the older group (P<0.05). Conclusions: Mammographic findings differ between young and old patients with breast cancer, for example regarding mass density, mass margin and microcalcification ratios.

The development of green building from a vague understanding to the formulation of the programme of action; from the initial establishment of policy support to the procedure of evaluation system. This paper tries to by the analysis the charter of relevant international organizations,actions, the world in terms of policies and regulations and evaluation system about the green building to describes the history and develop trend of green building, to make the industry have a comprehensive understanding about the all-aruond development of the green building.